荞麦种质资源概况

Buckwheat is an important crop with multiple uses for medicine, food and feed. China is the world's largest producer of tartary buckwheat and the center of buckwheat diversity in the world, and Southwest China is an internationally recognized center of buckwheat origin. Germplasm resources are the material basis for the production and utilization of crops, variety innovation and biotechnology research, and have very important values and significance. Since the 1980s, Chinese scholars have collected more than about 3,000 germplasm resources of cultivated buckwheat, among which more than 2,200 are preserved in China's long-term bank. These cultivated buckwheats, after natural evolution, artificial cultivation and dissemination, have been widely distributed around the world and possess representativeness and diversity. This paper reviews the current distribution status of production areas of common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat in China, the general situation of resource collection and preservation, as well as the identification and evaluation of agronomic traits and nutritional qualities of buckwheat resources in China in the past 40 years; and briefly introduces the current situation of collection and evaluation of buckwheat germplasm resources in other countries and organizations in the world, in order to provide references for the protection and rational utilization of buckwheat germplasm resources. At the same time, the reported wild species (including varieties and subspecies) of the genus Fagopyrum and their distribution status are summarized, the characteristics and variations of their main traits are summarized, and the research progress on the development and utilization of wild buckwheat resources at home and abroad is summarized. The results show that the wild buckwheat resources in Southwest China are particularly rich, and except for a few species (such as Fagopyrum dibotrys), they are mainly concentrated in the border areas of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. Finally, the deficiencies and prospects of the utilization of buckwheat germplasm resources in China are discussed, and it is proposed that the following work still needs to be promoted: (1) Establish a comprehensive, systematic and quantitative evaluation system for agronomic traits, nutritional components, processing qualities, taste qualities and other traits of buckwheat germplasm resources, and continue to improve the evaluation and quality identification of buckwheat germplasm resources in China; (2) Vigorously explore the potential value of buckwheat in crop layout and characteristic economic crops, accelerate the breeding and legal introduction of excellent buckwheat germplasm in China, and promote the healthy, orderly and rapid development of the buckwheat industry; (3) Pay attention to the problem of the deterioration of the living environment of wild buckwheat, especially the living environment of Fagopyrum gilesii, Fagopyrum statice, Fagopyrum crispatifolium, Fagopyrum hailuogouense, etc. has become extremely harsh, and their distribution areas have become more narrow. It is urgently necessary to intensify the rescue investigation, collection and protection of precious wild resources; (4) Continuously promote the whole-genome sequencing and genome structure annotation of buckwheat, deeply explore the key agronomic traits and stress-resistant genetic loci of buckwheat, and develop a systematic molecular marker-assisted breeding platform, and further analyze the genetic mechanism of the formation of buckwheat quality traits from the molecular level, such as the molecular regulatory network of key genes in the biosynthesis pathways of starch, amino acids, vitamin E and flavonoids, especially rutin.

荞麦是一种重要的药食饲多用的作物,中国是全球最大的苦荞生产国和世界荞麦多样性中心,中国西南地区是国际公认的荞麦起源中心。种质资源是农作物生产利用、品种创新和生物技术研究的物质基础,具有十分重要的价值和意义。自20世纪80年代以来,我国学者收集了约有3000余份栽培荞麦种质资源,其中2200余份保存于我国长期库中。这些栽培荞麦经过自然演变、人工培育和传播后,已在全世界范围广泛分布,兼具代表性和多样性。综述了我国甜荞和苦荞的产区分布现状、资源收集和保存概况,以及近40年来对我国荞麦资源的农艺性状和营养品质的鉴定评价情况;并简要介绍了世界上其他国家和组织对于荞麦种质资源的的收集和评价现状,以期为荞麦种质资源保护和合理利用提供参考。同时,对已报道的荞麦属野生种(含变种、亚种)及分布现状进行了归纳,对其主要性状的特征和变异情况进行了总结,并归纳了国内外对于野生荞麦资源的开发利用方面的研究进展,结果表明,我国西南地区野生荞麦资源尤为丰富,除个别种(如金荞麦)以外,均主要集中于滇黔川边界地区。最后,对我国荞麦种质资源利用的不足和展望进行了讨论,提出仍需推进以下工作: (1)全面、系统、量化地建立荞麦的种质资源农艺性状、营养组分、加工品质、食味品质等性状的评价体系,继续完善我国荞麦种质资源评价和品质鉴定工作;(2)大力挖掘荞麦在作物布局和特色经济作物价值潜力,加快推进我国荞麦优异种质的选育和合法引进,推进荞麦产业健康有序快速发展;(3)关注野生荞麦生存环境恶化的问题,特别是岩野野荞、抽葶野荞、皱叶野荞、海螺沟野荞等的生存环境急剧恶劣,其分布区域更加狭隘,急需加大对珍惜野生资源进行抢救性的考察、收集和保护工作; (4)持续推进荞麦全基因组测序和基因组结构注释工作,深入挖掘荞麦关键农艺性状和抗逆遗传位点,并开发系统的分子标记辅助育种平台,并从分子水平进一步解析荞麦品质性状形成遗传机制,如淀粉、氨基酸、维生素E以及黄酮类化合物特别是芦丁的生物合成途径关键基因的分子调控网络。