Jorvik: A membrane-containing phage that will likely found a new family within Vinavirales.

Although membrane-containing dsDNA bacterial viruses are some of the most prevalent predators in aquatic environments, we know little about how they function due to their intractability in the laboratory. Here, we have identified and thoroughly characterized a new type of membrane-containing bacteriophage, Jorvik, that infects the freshwater mixotrophic model bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. Jorvik is extremely virulent, can persist in the host integrated into the RuBisCo operon and encodes two experimentally verified cell wall hydrolases. Jorvik-like prophages are abundant in the genomes of Alphaproteobacteria, are distantly related to known viruses of the class Tectiliviricetes, and we propose they should be classified as a new family. Crucially, we demonstrate how widely used phage manipulation methods should be adjusted to prevent loss of virus infectivity. Our thorough characterization of environmental phage Jorvik provides important experimental insights about phage diversity and interactions in microbial communities that are often unexplored in common metagenomic analyses. Jorvik is a circular dsDNA membrane-containing phage distinct from model phage PM2 Jorvik-like prophages are abundant in genomes of Alpha-proteobacteria Host regulator CtrA and recombinase XerCD are likely required for the life cycle Spontaneous lytic variant clears host cultures at multiplicity of infection <0.01 Virology; Ecology; Microbiology

尽管含膜的双链DNA细菌病毒是水生环境中最常见的捕食者之一，但由于它们在实验室中难以处理，我们对其功能了解甚少。在此，我们鉴定并全面描述了一种新型含膜的噬菌体——约维克（Jorvik），它感染淡水混合营养型模式细菌荚膜红细菌（Rhodobacter capsulatus）。约维克毒性极强，能够以整合在核酮糖 - 1,5 - 二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶（RuBisCo）操纵子中的形式在宿主内持续存在，并编码两种经实验验证的细胞壁水解酶。类约维克原噬菌体在α - 变形菌（Alphaproteobacteria）的基因组中大量存在，与已知的复层噬菌体纲（Tectiliviricetes）病毒亲缘关系较远，我们建议应将它们归类为一个新的科。关键的是，我们展示了应如何调整广泛使用的噬菌体操作方法以防止病毒感染性丧失。我们对环境噬菌体约维克的全面描述为微生物群落中的噬菌体多样性和相互作用提供了重要的实验性见解，而这些在常见的宏基因组分析中往往未被探索。 约维克是一种不同于模式噬菌体PM2的含膜环状双链DNA噬菌体 类约维克原噬菌体在α - 变形菌的基因组中大量存在 宿主调节因子CtrA和重组酶XerCD可能是其生命周期所必需的 自发裂解变体在感染复数<0.01时即可清除宿主培养物 病毒学；生态学；微生物学