Biological Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development.

Vaccines represent one of the most successful public health initiatives worldwide. However, despite the vast number of highly effective vaccines, some infectious diseases still do not have vaccines available. New technologies are needed to fully realize the potential of vaccine development for both emerging infectious diseases and diseases for which there are currently no vaccines available. As can be seen by the success of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, nanoscale platforms are promising delivery vectors for effective and safe vaccines. Synthetic nanoscale platforms, including liposomes and inorganic nanoparticles and microparticles, have many advantages in the vaccine market, but often require multiple doses and addition of artificial adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide. Biologically derived nanoparticles, on the other hand, contain native pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can reduce the need for artificial adjuvants. Biological nanoparticles can be engineered to have many additional useful properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and are often able to self-assemble, thereby allowing simple scale-up from benchtop to large-scale manufacturing. This review summarizes the state of the art in biologically derived nanoparticles and their capabilities as novel vaccine platforms.

疫苗是全球最成功的公共卫生举措之一。然而，尽管有大量高效疫苗，但一些传染病仍然没有可用的疫苗。需要新技术来充分挖掘疫苗开发在新发传染病以及目前尚无疫苗的疾病方面的潜力。从新冠mRNA疫苗的成功可以看出，纳米级平台是有效且安全的疫苗的有前景的递送载体。合成纳米级平台，包括脂质体以及无机纳米颗粒和微粒，在疫苗市场具有许多优势，但往往需要多次接种且要添加人工佐剂，如氢氧化铝。另一方面，生物来源的纳米颗粒含有天然的病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs），这可以减少对人工佐剂的需求。生物纳米颗粒可以被改造以具备许多其他有用的特性，包括生物可降解性、生物相容性，并且通常能够自组装，从而能够从实验室小规模生产简单地扩大到大规模制造。这篇综述总结了生物来源纳米颗粒的最新技术水平及其作为新型疫苗平台的能力。