Metal additive manufacturing: Technology, metallurgy and modelling

This paper provides a comprehensive review of metal additive manufacturing, a rapidly evolving field with innovative technologies and processes. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a complete picture of the current research on metal AM and its capabilities. An overview of metal AM and the current processing methods are provided, along with a brief introduction to the complex physics behind the melt pool formation. Common metal AM characteristic defects are discussed as well as the current metals and alloys that are commercially available. Furthermore, process optimization techniques and computational modelling methods are reviewed. Lastly, various post-processing methods to improve surface roughness, mechanical properties and dimensional precision are discussed. Although the library for printable alloys is increasing, there is still a need for alloy development outside of the commercial setting. Furthermore, there is currently not a complete numerical model of the AM process which is mainly due to the computational costs. Although metal AM is still in its infancy, the frequency and significance of new developments are driving AM to mainstream adoption.

本文对金属增材制造进行了全面综述，这是一个具有创新技术和工艺且发展迅速的领域。这篇综述论文的目的是提供金属增材制造（AM）当前研究及其能力的全貌。文中概述了金属增材制造以及当前的加工方法，并简要介绍了熔池形成背后的复杂物理原理。讨论了常见的金属增材制造特征缺陷以及市面上现有的金属和合金。此外，还综述了工艺优化技术和计算建模方法。最后，探讨了各种用于改善表面粗糙度、机械性能和尺寸精度的后处理方法。尽管可打印合金的种类在增加，但在商业环境之外仍然需要进行合金开发。此外，目前还没有一个完整的增材制造过程数值模型，这主要是由于计算成本的原因。尽管金属增材制造仍处于起步阶段，但新进展的频率和重要性正推动增材制造被主流采用。