Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species.

Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse and species-rich group of insects, and a robust, time-calibrated phylogeny is fundamental to understanding macroevolutionary processes that underlie their diversity. Here we infer the phylogeny and divergence times of all major lineages of Coleoptera by analyzing 95 protein-coding genes in 373 beetle species, including ~67% of the currently recognized families. The subordinal relationships are strongly supported as Polyphaga (Adephaga (Archostemata, Myxophaga)). The series and superfamilies of Polyphaga are mostly monophyletic. The species-poor Nosodendridae is robustly recovered in a novel position sister to Staphyliniformia, Bostrichiformia, and Cucujiformia. Our divergence time analyses suggest that the crown group of extant beetles occurred ~297 million years ago (Mya) and that ~64% of families originated in the Cretaceous. Most of the herbivorous families experienced a significant increase in diversification rate during the Cretaceous, thus suggesting that the rise of angiosperms in the Cretaceous may have been an ‘evolutionary impetus’ driving the hyperdiversity of herbivorous beetles. The phylogeny of beetles, which represent ~25% of known extant animal species, has been a challenge to resolve. Here, Zhang et al. infer a time-calibrated phylogeny for Coleoptera based on 95 protein-coding genes in 373 species and suggest an association between the hyperdiversification of beetles and the rise of angiosperms.

甲虫（鞘翅目）是最多样化和物种的绝缘群，并且稳健的时间校准的系统发育对于理解其多样性的宏观进化过程是基础，我们在这里推断出所有coleoptera的系统发育和分歧关系被强烈支持为Polyphaga （Adephaga（Archostemata），多帕加（Polyphaga）的系列和超级家族是单系的，这主要是在葡萄球菌状的姐妹中稳健地恢复了葡萄球菌的姐妹64％的家庭起源于白垩纪。在白垩纪期间的多元化率显着提高，因此表明白垩纪的被子植物的兴起可能是一种“进化的动力”，推动了食草甲虫的过度多样性。 在这里，甲虫的系统发育占已知的额外动物的25％，这是一个挑战。