Toxicology of graphene-based nanomaterials.

Graphene based nanomaterials possess remarkable physiochemical properties suitable for diverse applications in electronics, telecommunications, energy and healthcare. The human and environmental exposure to graphene-based nanomaterials is increasing due to advancements in the synthesis, characterization and large-scale production of graphene and the subsequent development of graphene based biomedical and consumer products. A large number of in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies have evaluated the interactions of graphene-based nanomaterials with various living systems such as microbes, mammalian cells, and animal models. A significant number of studies have examined the short- and long-term in vivo toxicity and biodistribution of graphene synthesized by variety of methods and starting materials. A key focus of these examinations is to properly associate the biological responses with chemical and morphological properties of graphene. Several studies also report the environmental and genotoxicity response of pristine and functionalized graphene. This review summarizes these in vitro and in vivo studies and critically examines the methodologies used to perform these evaluations. Our overarching goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex interplay of biological responses of graphene as a function of their physio-chemical properties.

基于石墨烯的纳米材料具有显著的物理化学性质，适用于电子、电信、能源和医疗保健等多种应用。由于石墨烯在合成、表征和大规模生产方面的进步以及随后基于石墨烯的生物医学和消费产品的开发，人类和环境对基于石墨烯的纳米材料的接触正在增加。大量的体外和体内毒理学研究已经评估了基于石墨烯的纳米材料与各种生命系统（如微生物、哺乳动物细胞和动物模型）的相互作用。大量研究已经检测了通过各种方法和起始材料合成的石墨烯的短期和长期体内毒性以及生物分布。这些检测的一个关键重点是将生物反应与石墨烯的化学和形态特性正确关联起来。一些研究还报告了原始石墨烯和功能化石墨烯的环境和基因毒性反应。本综述总结了这些体外和体内研究，并批判性地审视了用于进行这些评估的方法。我们的首要目标是全面概述石墨烯的生物反应与其物理化学性质之间的复杂相互作用。