Investigations into the Charge Times of Lead–Acid Cells under Different Partial-State-of-Charge Regimes

Partial state of charge (PSOC) is an important use case for lead–acid batteries. Charging times in lead–acid cells and batteries can be variable, and when used in PSOC operation, the manufacturer’s recommended charge times for single-cycle use are not necessarily applicable. Knowing how long charging will take and what the variability in time required is allows for better planning of operations and algorithm creation for battery energy storage system (BESS) manufacturers. This paper details and demonstrates a procedure for identifying the charging time of cells when different charge throughputs occur prior to reaching full charge. The results showed that the charging time in PSOC operations was highly variable when a charge-factor-controlled full-charge procedure was used. Also noted were that higher voltages for the same state of charge were reached as the number of cycles following reaching full charge increased. None of the regimes tested in this paper caused any significant capacity degradation, which demonstrates that PSOC operations can be performed even on cells not specifically designed for them, provided the correct regime is chosen.

部分荷电状态（PSOC）是铅酸电池的一个重要应用场景。铅酸电池单体和电池组的充电时间可能是可变的，当用于PSOC运行时，制造商针对单次循环使用所推荐的充电时间不一定适用。了解充电所需时间以及所需时间的变化性，有助于电池储能系统（BESS）制造商更好地规划运营和创建算法。本文详细介绍并演示了一种在达到满充之前出现不同充电吞吐量时确定电池单体充电时间的方法。结果表明，当采用充电系数控制的满充程序时，PSOC运行中的充电时间变化很大。还注意到，随着达到满充后的循环次数增加，在相同荷电状态下会达到更高的电压。本文所测试的任何制度都没有导致任何显著的容量下降，这表明即使对于并非专门为PSOC设计的电池单体，只要选择正确的制度，也可以进行PSOC运行。