Reliable Code-Based Post-Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms through Fault Detection on FPGA

Code-based cryptography is a promising post-quantum cryptographic solution against attacks enabled by classical and quantum computers. The Niederreiter cryptosystem is a well-known code-based cryptographic algorithm that has been traditionally scrutinized due to its key size and its computational requirements. However, with the advent of quantum computers, the Niederreiter cryptosystem is becoming more popular as it is thought that code-based cryptography is quantum resistant. Nevertheless, security does not mean reliability, and the finite field operational blocks used in some code-based algorithms are vulnerable to fault injection. This paper derives error detection mechanisms based on normal and interleaved parity for code-based cryptosystems. Moreover, such techniques are applied to the Key Generator of the Niederreiter cryptosystem and implemented on Xilinx field-programmable gate array (FPGA) family Kintex UltraScale+ (device xcku5p-ffvd900-1-i). This is done to assess the overheads and the decrease in performance when the derived fault detection techniques are included to the original designs.

基于编码的密码学是一种有前景的后量子密码学解决方案，可抵御经典计算机和量子计算机所支持的攻击。尼德里特（Niederreiter）密码系统是一种著名的基于编码的密码算法，由于其密钥大小和计算要求，传统上一直受到严格审查。然而，随着量子计算机的出现，尼德里特密码系统变得更加受欢迎，因为人们认为基于编码的密码学具有抗量子性。然而，安全并不意味着可靠，一些基于编码的算法中使用的有限域运算模块容易受到故障注入的影响。本文推导了基于常规和交错奇偶校验的基于编码的密码系统的错误检测机制。此外，这些技术被应用于尼德里特密码系统的密钥生成器，并在赛灵思现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）Kintex UltraScale +系列（器件xcku5p - ffvd900 - 1 - i）上实现。这样做是为了评估在原始设计中加入所推导的故障检测技术时的开销以及性能的下降情况。