Sex-Related Differences of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis in Adults.

The incidence of acute and chronic pancreatitis is increasing in the United States. Rates of acute pancreatitis (AP) are similar in both sexes, but chronic pancreatitis (CP) is more common in males. When stratified by etiology, women have higher rates of gallstone AP, while men have higher rates of alcohol- and tobacco-related AP and CP, hypercalcemic AP, hypertriglyceridemic AP, malignancy-related AP, and type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). No significant sex-related differences have been reported in medication-induced AP or type 2 AIP. Whether post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis is sex-associated remains controversial. Animal models have demonstrated sex-related differences in the rates of induction and severity of AP, CP, and AIP. Animal and human studies have suggested that a combination of risk factor profiles, as well as genes, may be responsible for the observed differences. More investigation into the sex-related differences of AP and CP is desired in order to improve clinical management by developing effective prevention strategies, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

在美国，急性和慢性胰腺炎的发病率正在上升。急性胰腺炎（AP）在男女中的发病率相似，但慢性胰腺炎（CP）在男性中更为常见。按病因分层时，女性胆结石性AP发病率较高，而男性酒精和烟草相关的AP和CP、高钙血症性AP、高甘油三酯血症性AP、恶性肿瘤相关的AP以及1型自身免疫性胰腺炎（AIP）发病率较高。在药物诱导的AP或2型AIP中，尚未报道有显著的性别相关差异。内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎是否与性别有关仍存在争议。动物模型已显示出AP、CP和AIP的诱发率和严重程度存在性别相关差异。动物和人类研究表明，风险因素组合以及基因可能是导致所观察到差异的原因。为了通过制定有效的预防策略、诊断方法和治疗方法来改善临床管理，需要对AP和CP的性别相关差异进行更多研究。