秦陵文物数字化及虚拟复原研究综述

Cultural heritage is an important carrier of China's 5,000-year-long history and a special resource for inheriting Chinese culture. However, after thousands of years of weathering, erosion, wars and historical changes, cultural heritage has been more or less impacted and damaged. Traditional restoration methods have such defects as single recording means, incomplete information, long manual restoration period, limited exhibition, and low efficiency of manual management. Using 3D scanning technology, digital means and information methods to conduct digital modeling, virtual restoration and display of cultural relics can greatly shorten the restoration period of cultural relics and avoid secondary damage to cultural relics caused by direct contact. At the same time, with the help of computer vision, artificial intelligence, optical scanning and other technologies, it can lay a foundation for new forms of archaeological excavation and cultural relic protection. In response to these major needs in the field of cultural relic restoration and protection, the project team of the Institute of Visualization Technology at Northwest University has carried out relevant research since the 1990s, and a series of achievements obtained have been applied to many cultural relic protection units such as the Qin Mausoleum. This article summarizes and analyzes the latest research work of the project team in recent years from seven aspects: virtual restoration of the appearance of ancient people, digitization of cultural relics with complex appearances, modeling and display of archaeological site scenes, recording and application of the archaeological process, virtual restoration of damaged and broken cultural relics, automatic classification of cultural relic fragments, and digital display and dissemination of cultural heritage, and looks forward to the future research directions.

文化遗产是中华五千年悠久历史的重要载体,也是传承中华文化的特殊资源,然而,历经千百年的风化侵蚀、战火和历史变迁,文化遗产都遭到或多或少的冲击和破坏。传统复原方法存在记录手段单一、信息不全面、手工复原周期长、展陈受限、人工管理效率低等缺陷。利用三维扫描技术、数字化手段及信息化方法对文物进行数字化建模及虚拟复原与展示等,能够极大地缩短文物复原周期,可避免由于直接接触对文物造成的二次破坏;同时,借助于计算机视觉、人工智能、光学扫描等技术,能够为新形态考古发掘与文物保护奠定基础。针对文物修复与保护领域的这些重大需求,西北大学可视化技术研究所项目组自20世纪90年代起就开展了相关研究,取得的系列成果已应用于秦陵等多个文物保护单位。该文从古人面貌虚拟复原、复杂外观文物数字化、考古遗址场景建模与展示、考古过程记录与应用、破损破碎文物虚拟修复、文物碎片自动分类文化遗产的数字展示传播7个方面,对项目组近期的最新研究工作进行总结和分析,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。