利用微小卫星自主编队飞行探测不规则形状小天体重力场的理论与方法研究

Gravity field study is one of the basic content of solar system small bodies detection. Establishing a high precision gravity field can help the human more accurately understand information of these small bodies, such as the internal structure and mass distribution, which are expected to lead to new scientific discoveries. Based on the fact that the traditional optical observation or single satellite detection method can only provide the gravity field either within limited order range, or sensitive to heterogeneous, this research project proposes a new concept to detect the gravity of irregular shape small bodies using microsatellites autonomous formation flying. A mapping mode between the relative measure and the formation configuration with the gravitational field parameters of irregular shape small bodies is primarily needed to be built. From the aspects of theory and feasibility, the irregular shape small bodies gravity field recovery technique based on relative measurement between formation satellites, as well as autonomous orbit determination technology for the formation satellites under complex dynamic environment near the small body are intend to systematically studied. Finally, a distributed simulation platform will be built for observability and precision assessment of the gravity field recovery technique. This research project is intended to provide new technical approach for solar system small bodies gravity field detection, and help to further enrich the connotation of modern celestial mechanics and astrometry.

重力场研究是小天体探测的基本内容之一，建立高精度的小天体重力场有助于人类更精确地了解小天体的内部结构、质量分布等信息，从而有望获得新的科学发现。本课题针对传统的依赖光学或者单星探测方法存在的观测范围有限、敏感阶次固定、各向异性敏感等诸多不足，提出利用微小卫星自主编队飞行探测不规则形状小天体重力场的新概念，力图建立星间相对测量以及编队构形与不规则形状小天体重力场参数的映射模型，从理论方面对基于星间相对测量的不规则形状小天体重力场反演技术、以及在小天体附近复杂动力学环境下的编队卫星自主定轨技术展开研究，最后通过构建分布式仿真验证平台对重力场反演的可观性和精度进行分析。本课题的研究将为小天体重力场探测提供新的技术途径，并有助于进一步丰富现代天体力学与天体测量的内涵。

近年来，小天体探测已经成为深空探测的热点之一。本课题以不规则形状小天体重力场建模方法为研究起点，研究基于星间相对测量的小天体重力场反演和编队卫星自主定轨技术，并对基于该编队的重力场反演的可观测性和精度进行分析。针对传统的小天体计算模型精度不高、模型粗糙等问题，提出了“自由顶点”多面体模型的新方法；以单颗卫星为基础，研究不同阶次球谐函数与多面体模型之间的差异，用以指导基于星间观测的编队卫星的轨道设计以及重力场选择；在此基础上利用球谐函数模型反演小天体密度分布。针对传统的依赖光学或者单星探测方法存在的观测范围有限、敏感阶次固定、各向异性敏感等诸多不足，本项目提出利用微小卫星自主编队飞行探测不规则形状小天体重力场的新概念；建立了星间相对测量以及编队构形与不规则形状小天体重力场参数的映射模型，回答了利用星间相对测量反演不规则形状小天体重力场、以及在小天体附近复杂动力学环境下的编队卫星自主定轨的可行性，并初步验证了精度；分析卫星编队反演不规则形状小天体重力场的可观测性。本课题的研究将为小天体重力场探测提供新的技术途径，并有助于进一步丰富现代天体力学与天体测量的内涵。

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