竹叶纤维对肉鸡肠道健康的调控及作用机制

The long term and extensive use of antibiotics for medical and veterinary purposes may eventually result in selection of antibiotics resistant bacterial species or strains, and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics use. This resistance also can be transferred to other formerly susceptible bacteria, thus posing a threat to both animal and human health. This led to the ban on the use of antibiotics in feeds as growth promoters in many countries throughout the world. Natural additives and increasing the level of fiber in the diets have been explored as alternative nutritional strategies to improve gut health of poultry. Traditionally, dietary fiber has been considered as a diluent of the diet energy content and, often, an antinutritional factor. However, moderate amounts of fiber may improve the development of organs, enzyme production, and nutrient digestibility in poultry. This study was conducted to explore the effects of bamboo leaf fiber on regulation in gut health of broilers. In order to investigate the mechanism of the bamboo leaf fiber in animal feeding trial, experiment was used to study the effects of the bamboo leaf fiber on intestinal microflora, digestive tract development and mucous membrane of broilers. Using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to study the effect of the bamboo leaves fiber on IL-6, IFN-γTNF-α，ZO1 and ZO2 gene expression. The intestinal bacterial community was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA metagenomics analyses after amplication with PCR, and the populations of total bacteria. This study will promote explanation the mechanism, which is of theoretical significance and have application value in development of broilers production. The purpose of this study was to provide of how these effects of bamboo leaves fiber could be partially explained by their interaction with the intestinal mucosa, including the epithelium and the mucus in broilers production.

近年来由于抗生素在临床上的滥用，使得抗菌药物的抗菌效果大大降低，抗生素滥用还会导致有害菌定殖增加，影响人和动物的健康。因此，很多国家开始禁用抗生素作为饲料添加剂，在饲料中添加抗生素作为肠道微生态调节剂已不再受欢迎，探寻新的抗生素替代品来调节畜禽肠道微生物区系和维持肠道健康显得非常重要。人们一直误认为纤维是一种抗营养因子，纤维能稀释饲粮能量水平，影响家禽的生产性能。但最新研究表明，在家禽饲粮中添加适量纤维是改善家禽肠道健康、减少家禽肠道紊乱的一种有效的营养调控措施之一。本研究在肉鸡饲粮中添加竹叶纤维，探讨其对肉鸡肠道消化生理以及肠道组织中IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α以及紧密连接蛋白ZO1和ZO2基因表达的影响；用高通量测序技术探讨探讨竹叶纤维对肉鸡肠道微生物多样性的影响，系统地阐明竹叶纤维对肉鸡肠道健康调控的作用机制。

近年来由于抗生素在临床上的滥用，使得抗菌药物的抗菌效果大大降低，抗生素滥用还会导致有害菌定殖增加，影响人和动物的健康。因此，我国也开始禁用抗生素作为饲料添加剂，在饲料中添加抗生素作为肠道微生态调节剂已不再受欢迎，探寻新的饲料来调节家禽肠道微生物区系和维持肠道健康显得非常重要。本研究以云南分布比较广的勃氏甜龙竹（Dendrocalamus brandisii）叶为原料提取竹叶纤维，将竹叶纤维添加到肉鸡饲粮中，探讨竹叶纤维对肉鸡肠道健康的影响机制，从肠道健康的相关技术指标筛选出竹叶纤维在肉鸡饲粮中的最佳添加量，为竹类资源的饲料化开辟一条新的途径。体外研究表明，BLF具有较平衡的膳食纤维组成，较高的脂肪、葡萄糖吸附能力、较好的葡萄糖延迟指数，电镜下结构疏松多孔，是一种品质较好膳食纤维；体内试验表明，在饲粮中添加3%BLF和6%BLF不会抑制肉鸡的生产性能，BLF具有提高肉鸡肠道重量和长度，增加小肠绒毛高度和绒隐比，提高黏液层厚度和杯状细胞数量的作用，促进肠道发育。微生物组学和代谢组学联合分析表明，BLF提高了肉鸡盲肠内厚壁菌门（Firmicutes），拟杆菌门（Bacteroidets），理研菌（Alistipes），副拟杆菌（Parabacteroides）和考拉杆菌（Phascolarctobacterium）等有益菌的相对丰度，降低了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对丰度；BLF增加了肉鸡盲肠内乙酸，丙酸，丁酸，次黄嘌呤，D-甘露糖，D-阿洛糖和α-酮戊二酸等有益代谢物的含量，降低了尿酸和黄嘌呤的水平。通过差异代谢物富集通路分析，表明BLF通过调节ABC转运器通路和抑制嘌呤代谢来改善肉鸡肠道健康。本研究表明，BLF是一种膳食纤维组成比较平衡的、优质的膳食纤维，BLF可以改善肉鸡肠道屏障功能（化学屏障、机械屏障、微生物屏障）和肠道发育，实现家禽养殖的健康可持续发展。因此，BLF在饲料工业和食品工业中具有广阔的应用前景，是一种值得开发的膳食纤维。

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