景观变化与人为干扰对贵州草海越冬黑颈鹤栖息地选择的影响

The overwintering period is very important to population dynamics of migrating birds, and especially the high-quality habitat in overwintering site is critical to the survival of migrating bird’s populations. Wetland Caohai in Guizhou is the biggest overwintering site for Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) around the world, but results from the conflicts between birds and human for space utilization, the habitats (mainly including the foraging site and roosting site) have always been disturbing by human activities. In the past 15 years, the landscape of wetland has been changed sharply, and the human disturbance become more and more stronger as well, furthermore, now the water level has been planned to be rise to 2173m by government, all of these will strongly influence the distributions of foraging and roosting sites of Black-necked Crane and its overwintering behaviors. Therefore, we propose to build the model of habitat selection and simulate the water level raising by means of analyzing the historic and present habitat use of Black-necked Crane, using the 3S technology and habitat selection methods. And, then the influences of water level raising and landscape change on Black-necked Crane will be evaluated and predicted, and the impacts of human disturbance on Black-necked Crane and its response will be explored as well, so the behavioral change and adaptation threshold value will be concluded under the pressure of landscape change and human disturbance. This research will enrich the behavioral ecology of cranes and promote the Black-necked Crane’s conservation management in plateau wetlands in southwestern China.

越冬期是影响迁徙鸟类种群动态的关键时期，而越冬栖息地质量对越冬种群存活起着至关重要的作用。贵州草海湿地是黑颈鹤最大的越冬栖息地，由于人鸟争地矛盾突出，草海越冬黑颈鹤的觅食地与夜宿地一直受到强烈干扰。过年15年贵州草海湿地景观格局变化与人为活动剧烈，而未来几年内草海水位将人为抬升至2173m，可能会极大影响黑颈鹤觅食地和夜宿地分布。为此，本项目基于3S技术和生境选择方法，结合对草海黑颈鹤历史与当前栖息地利用动态，通过构建生境选择模型和水淹模拟分析，评价和预测水位抬升与景观变化对黑颈鹤栖息地选择造成的影响，同时探索强烈人为干扰对黑颈鹤觅食与夜宿行为的影响及其适应性，以分析景观变化与人为干扰双重压力下黑颈鹤的行为变化与适应阈值，并提出保护管理对策。项目有助于丰富鹤类行为学理论及为促进西南高原湿地黑颈鹤保育管理提供科学支撑。