Cardiovascular Health and Air Pollution: A National Study

心血管健康与空气污染：一项全国研究

• 批准号: 8885032
• 负责人: Antonella Zanobetti
• 金额: $ 57.38万
• 依托单位: HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-05-01 至 2019-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8885032
• 关键词: Acute; Address; Admission activity; Aerosols; Air; Air Pollution; Algorithms; Big Data; Cardiovascular system; Cells; Cessation of life; Characteristics; Chemicals; Chronic; Code; Communities; Computer software; Data; Data Set; Elderly; Enrollment; Epidemiologic Studies; Exposure to; Future; Gases; Goals; Health; Health Benefit; Heart; Heat Waves; Heating; Heterogeneity; Individual; Intervention; Investigation; Joints; Knowledge; Life; Link; Location; Maps; Measurement; Measures; Medicare; Methodology; Methods; Modeling; Modification; Monitor; Myocardial Infarction; New England; Older Population; Optics; Outcome; Output; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Pollution; Population; Population Study; Public Health; Research; Resolution; Risk; Rural; Rural Population; Sample Size; Sampling; Shapes; Source; Statistical Methods; Stroke; Surface; Surveys; Temperature; United States Environmental Protection Agency; World Health Organization; air quality regulation; analytical method; base; beneficiary; cardiovascular disorder risk; cardiovascular health; climate change; cohort; cost; cost effective; evidence base; experience; extreme heat; improved; innovation; land use; pollutant; premature; programs; public health relevance; response; rural area; socioeconomics; synergism; temporal measurement; urban area

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Short and long-term exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have been associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease in large urban areas. Although previous studies have included increasingly larger populations and sophisticated analytical methods, many gaps of knowledge remain. One limitation is that by relying on the Environmental Protection Agency air pollution monitoring network only studies will: 1) exclude less urban areas where PM2.5 is not monitored; 2) not be able to differentiate health effects associated with regional/ long-range transport versus local pollution sources; and 3) not be able to estimate health effects of air pollution at low concentrations, which requires large populations in that exposure range. In addition, with the mounting threat of climate change, evidence regarding a potential synergistic effect of air pollution and heat is totally lacking. In Aim 1 we will integrate satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) data with land use regression variables to predict and validate daily PM2.5 levels at 1x1 km grid cell resolution for the entire US. This data will be used to calculate zip-code exposures that vary by location and date, which will be linked to the entire Medicare cohort (90% of the US elderly population) over the period 2000 to 2013. In Aim 2 we will develop computationally efficient algorithms to analyze these linked data sets and provide evidence of acute and chronic risks of cardiovascular disease of unprecedented accuracy by using improved exposure to PM2.5 at a very local scale, and including rural populations from locations in which pollution monitors are not available. We will estimate the shape of the exposure-response relationship between cardiovascular admissions and PM2.5 to address questions of effects below the air quality standards; and evaluate effect modification by rural/ urban area, by multiple socioeconomic measures, by individual and by land use characteristics. In Aim 2.1 we will decompose the estimated daily pollution surfaces into different spatial scales, representing regional/long- range transport and locally-generated pollution. In Aim A.2.2 we will estimate the effects of PM2.5 components and gases in urban and rural areas in New England. In Aim A.2.2 we will develop approaches to adjust for confounding bias using auxiliary information. In Aim 3 we will estimate the acute and chronic health risks associated with simultaneous exposure to heat and PM2.5. In Aim 4, we will make available to the research community maps of the output obtained in the previous aims. We will also disseminate software for the efficient implementation of the newly developed statistical methods needed for the analysis of these big data sets. In summary, without a substantial improvement in the accuracy of the exposure data, sample size, methodology, and characterization of the exposure response relationship and the joint effects of heat and air pollution, it will be challenging to provide the necessary evidence for future air quality regulations. The results will provide a much needed evidence base for developing the most cost effective and beneficial air quality interventions.

 描述（由适用提供）：短期和长期暴露于细颗粒物（PM2.5）与大城市中心血管疾病的风险增加有关。尽管以前的研究包括增加的人群和复杂的分析方法，但仍然存在许多知识差距。一个限制是，通过依靠环境保护局空气污染监测网络研究将：1）排除未监控PM2.5的城市地区； 2）无法区分与区域/远程运输相关的健康影响与当地污染源相关； 3）无法在低浓度下估计空气污染的健康影响，这需要在该暴露范围内大量人群。此外，随着气候变化的越来越多的威胁，完全缺乏有关空气污染和热量潜在协同作用的证据。在AIM 1中，我们将将基于卫星的气溶胶光学深度（AOD）数据与土地使用回归变量整合在一起，以预测和验证整个美国的1x1 km网格细胞分辨率下的每日PM2.5水平。这些数据将用于计算在2000年至2013年期间与整个Medicare同类群体（美国90％的美国人口的90％）相关的拉链代码暴露，这将与整个Medicare同类群体相关联。在AIM 2中，我们将开发计算上有效的算法，以分析这些链接的数据集，并通过急性和慢性疾病进行急性和慢性疾病。在本地规模上，包括没有污染监测器的地区的农村人口。我们将估计心血管入院和PM2.5之间暴露响应关系的形状，以解决低于空气质量标准的影响问题；并通过多种社会经济措施，个人和土地利用特征来评估粗糙/城市地区的效果修改。在AIM 2.1中，我们将估计的每日污染表面分解为不同的空间尺度，代表区域/远程运输和局部生成的污染。在AIM A.2.2中，我们将估算新英格兰城市和农村地区PM2.5组件和气体的影响。在AIM A.2.2中，我们将开发使用辅助信息来调整混淆偏见的方法。在AIM 3中，我们将估算与简单接触热和PM2.5相关的急性和慢性健康风险。在AIM 4中，我们将为以前目标中获得的输出的研究社区地图提供。我们还将传播软件，以有效地实施这些大数据集所需的新开发的统计方法。总而言之，如果没有实质性提高暴露数据的准确性，样本量，方法论以及暴露响应关系的表征以及热量和空气污染的共同影响，则将挑战为未来的空气质量法规提供必要的证据。结果将为开发最具成本效益和有益的空气质量干预提供急需的证据基础。