The good, the bad, and the different: Understanding stigma towards people with facial differences

好的、坏的和不同的：了解对具有面部差异的人的耻辱

基本信息

批准号：
10017665
负责人：
CLIFFORD I. WORKMAN
金额：
$ 7.01万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2019-09-09 至 2022-09-08
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10017665
关键词：
Address Affect Anterior Attitude Beauty Behavior Behavioral Biological Markers Cicatrix Cleft Lip Cleft Palate Communities Cues Databases Decision Making Dehumanization Development Discrimination Dorsal Down-Regulation Economics Emotional Emotions Empathy Environment Exposure to Face Facial Expression Feeling Female Fostering Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Gender Health Heart Informal Social Control Intervention Intuition Judgment Knowledge Lateral Lesion Link Localized Lesion Measures Medial Meta-Analysis Methods Minor Modeling Morality Morals Nature Participant Patients Pattern Pennsylvania Personal Attribute Persons Phase Play Port-Wine Stain Prefrontal Cortex Research Research Personnel Shapes Shoulder Signal Transduction Stereotyping Sum Testing Training Universities anti social base behavioral economics career cingulate cortex experience focal brain damage functional MRI scan healthy volunteer implicit bias male maltreatment movie neural correlate neurobehavioral neuroeconomics neuroimaging novel strategies operation outreach pathogen exposure preference psychologic recruit relating to nervous system response social social stigma volunteer

项目摘要

The good, the bad, and the different: Understanding stigma towards people with facial differences Project Summary / Abstract Movie villains are more likely than heroes to be depicted with facial anomalies (e.g., warts, scars), suggesting filmmakers exploit intuitions that beauty and morality are related when creating villains. This observation raises questions about the nature of this relationship: Are the facially different judged more harshly for moral wrongs? Do they benefit less often from generosity? Is their mistreatment predicted by observers’ prosocial (e.g., empathic concern) or antisocial (e.g., disgust) emotional responses to them, since such emotions are known to influence moral behavior in different ways? Or by dispositions that shape values relating to morality? Or by the neural response to seeing facial anomalies? We recently found evidence for a “different-is-bad” bias against people with facial anomalies that was linked to a neural marker of dehumanization (i.e., deactivation in medial prefrontal cortex; mPFC). Facial anomalies may incorrectly signal poor health despite being unrelated to an underlying illness, leading to feelings of disgust capable of motivating dehumanizing behaviors. This account is consistent with recent evolutionary models of disgust suggesting it serves to limit pathogen exposure and to regulate moral behavior. A recent meta-analysis found little to no effect of disgust on sociomoral judgments, however, suggesting disgust alone cannot explain the different-is-bad bias. If this bias is causally related to dehumanization, which manifests behaviorally as inhumane or cold treatment towards others, then its presence should predict more antisociality and/or less prosociality directed at the facially different. The aims of this project are: 1. To quantify dehumanizing behavior towards people with facial differences using behavioral economic games. 2. To determine whether dehumanizing behavior is predicted by mPFC deactivation. 3. To establish the necessity of the mPFC in giving rise to dehumanizing behavior using the lesion method. After acquiring and norming photographs of faces with and without anomalies, a study will be carried out in which participants will play economic games, purportedly with the people depicted in the photographs, during fMRI scanning. In a separate study, lesion patients will play behavioral versions of the economic games. The University of Pennsylvania is the ideal environment in which to conduct the proposed research given the accessibility of the lesion patient database and the availability of state-of-the-art neuroimaging facilities. The sponsorship team’s expertise in neuroeconomics and advanced neuroimaging methods fits the applicant’s training needs perfectly, and opportunities for further development are available through relevant coursework and seminars. Understanding how people think about and treat people with facial differences could inform interventions aimed at educating the public about bias and its consequences, thereby illuminating an underappreciated psychological burden shouldered by people who look different.

好的、坏的和不同的：了解对具有面部差异的人的耻辱项目概要/摘要电影中的反派比英雄更有可能出现面部异常（例如疣、疤痕），这表明电影制片人在创造恶棍时利用了美与道德相关的直觉。关于这种关系本质的问题：面部差异是否会因道德错误而受到更严厉的评判？他们从慷慨中获益的情况是否较少？观察者的亲社会倾向是否预示着他们会受到虐待？对他们的情绪反应是移情关注）或反社会（例如厌恶），因为众所周知，这些情绪或者通过塑造与道德相关的价值观的性格来影响道德行为？看到面部异常时的神经反应？我们最近发现了“不同就是坏”偏见的证据面部异常的人与去人性化的神经标记有关（即内侧内侧失活）尽管与健康状况无关，但面部异常可能会错误地表明健康状况不佳。潜在的疾病，导致厌恶感，从而激发非人性行为。与最近的厌恶进化模型一致，表明它有助于限制病原体暴露并最近的一项荟萃分析发现，厌恶对社会道德判断几乎没有影响，然而，如果这种偏见与“不同就是坏”存在因果关系，那么仅仅表示厌恶并不能解释这种偏见。非人化，在行为上表现为对他人的不人道或冷漠对待，那么它的存在应该预示着更多的反社会性和/或更少的针对面部不同的亲社会性。该项目的目标是： 1. 使用以下方法量化针对具有面部差异的人的非人化行为： 2. 确定非人性行为是否是由 mPFC 预测的。 3. 确定 mPFC 在引发非人化行为方面的必要性。在获取并规范有异常和无异常的面部照片后，将进行一项研究。参与者将与图中描绘的人进行经济游戏在一项单独的研究中，病变患者将在功能磁共振成像扫描期间播放照片的行为版本。宾夕法尼亚大学是进行拟议的经济游戏的理想环境。考虑到病变患者数据库的可访问性和最先进技术的可用性神经影像设施。赞助团队在神经经济学和先进神经影像方面的专业知识。方法完全符合申请人的培训需求，并提供进一步发展的机会通过相关课程和研讨会了解人们如何看待和对待面部护理。差异可以为旨在教育公众有关偏见及其后果的干预措施提供信息，从而揭示了外表不同的人所肩负的未被充分认识的心理负担。