Neural mechanisms of avoidance learning and active coping via emotion regulation

通过情绪调节进行回避学习和主动应对的神经机制

• 批准号: 7773862
• 负责人: Mauricio R. Delgado
• 金额: $ 34.33万
• 依托单位: RUTGERS THE STATE UNIV OF NJ NEWARK
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2014-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7773862
• 关键词: Addictive Behavior; Address; Adolescence; Affect; Affective; Animal Experimentation; Animal Model; Animals; Arousal; Automobile Driving; Avoidance Learning; Behavior; Brain; Clinical; Clinical Trials; Cognition; Cognitive; Conditioned Stimulus; Corpus striatum structure; Decision Making; Development; Drug abuse; Drug usage; Emotional; Exposure to; Extinction (Psychology); Fostering; Foundations; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Future; Goals; Hour; Human; Hydrocortisone; Individual; Lead; Learning; Link; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Methods; Modeling; Nature; Negative Reinforcements; Negative Reinforcer; Outcome; Persons; Physiological; Population; Positive Reinforcements; Positive Reinforcer; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Reaction; Regulation; Research; Resources; Rewards; Rodent; Role; Skin; Societies; Solid; Stimulus; Stress; Stressful Event; Structure; Substance abuse problem; System; Work; acute stress; approach behavior; avoidance behavior; behavior influence; brain behavior; career; cognitive control; conditioning; coping; drinking; drug craving; emotion regulation; executive function; flexibility; negative emotional state; neural circuit; neuroimaging; neuromechanism; prevent; public health relevance; reinforcer; relating to nervous system; response; reward processing; stressor; trafficking

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Avoiding potentially negative outcomes is a common practice in human society. For instance, a person may drive to work earlier to avoid the negative consequences and stress associated with rush-hour traffic. In such circumstances, the traffic acts as a negative reinforcer, eliciting negative affect and strengthening the action of driving earlier. Negative reinforcers can have beneficial short-term influences on behavior by prompting one to actively cope with negative affect (e.g. avoiding traffic stress). However, an avoidance response can also become maladaptive if it prevents an individual from directly addressing the stressful event, causing long-term consequences such as fostering an addictive behavior (e.g., avoiding work deadlines and stress with drug use). These responses are difficult to extinguish and can become habitual, creating a burden for the individual and society. Thus, it is imperative to understand how aversive outcomes influence human brain and behavior. Non-human animal models of aversive learning highlight the role of striatal circuits, commonly implicated in reinforcement learning, in the acquisition of avoidance or coping responses (e.g., Salamone, 1994; LeDoux & Gorman, 2001). Yet, less is known about 1) human mechanisms of avoidance learning; 2) alternative means of coping with negative affect that are dependent on higher-order cognition and control and; 3) the influence of a pre-existing negative emotional state or stress on active coping strategies. The goal of this application is to investigate how negative reinforcement influences human brain and behavior as a precursor to understanding how humans learn to cope with potential negative outcomes that can influence decision-making in maladaptive ways (e.g., drug abuse to alleviate negative affect). The proposed studies will build on a solid and existing research foundation on affective learning in animals, which links the striatum and avoidance behavior, by first: establishing in humans the behavior and neural correlates of simple negative reinforcement tasks modeled after animal research; and second: examining alternative means of active coping with negative reinforcement that are more common to humans, such as higher-order cognitive strategies. Finally, proposed studies will examine the influence of a pre-existing acutely stressful state on active coping through avoidance or emotion regulation strategies. This approach allows for a translational method that can also be further extended to developmental (e.g., avoidance learning during adolescence) and clinical settings (e.g., mechanisms of active coping via emotion regulation during drug craving) in future research. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The proposed studies will build on a solid and existing research foundation on affective learning in animals by first: establishing in healthy human brains the behavior and neural correlates of simple negative reinforcement tasks modeled after animal research; and second: examining alternative means of active coping with negative reinforcement that are more common to humans, such as higher-order cognitive strategies. This approach allows for a translational method that can be applied to understanding the relationship between negative reinforcement and substance abuse, setting up future clinical investigations in substance-abusing populations (e.g., mechanisms of active coping via emotion regulation during drug craving).

描述（由申请人提供）：避免潜在的负面结果是人类社会的常见做法。例如，一个人可能会提前开车去上班，以避免高峰时段交通带来的负面后果和压力。在这种情况下，交通充当负强化物，引发负面影响并强化提前驾驶的行为。负面强化物可以通过促使人们积极应对负面情绪（例如避免交通压力）来对行为产生有益的短期影响。然而，如果回避反应阻止个人直接应对压力事件，从而导致长期后果，例如助长成瘾行为（例如，逃避工作截止日期和吸毒压力），那么它也可能变得适应不良。这些反应很难消除，并且可能成为习惯，给个人和社会造成负担。因此，必须了解厌恶结果如何影响人类大脑和行为。厌恶学习的非人类动物模型强调了纹状体回路的作用，通常与强化学习有关，在获得回避或应对反应中（例如，Salamone，1994；LeDoux＆Gorman，2001）。然而，人们对以下方面知之甚少：1）人类的回避学习机制； 2）依赖于高阶认知和控制的应对负面情绪的替代方法； 3）先前存在的负面情绪状态或压力对积极应对策略的影响。该应用程序的目标是研究负强化如何影响人类大脑和行为，以此作为了解人类如何学习应对可能以适应不良方式影响决策的潜在负面结果（例如，滥用药物来减轻负面影响）的先导。拟议的研究将建立在动物情感学习的坚实和现有的研究基础上，它将纹状体和回避行为联系起来，首先：在动物研究后建立人类简单负强化任务的行为和神经关联；第二：研究人类更常见的主动应对负强化的替代方法，例如高阶认知策略。最后，拟议的研究将探讨预先存在的严重压力状态对通过回避或情绪调节策略积极应对的影响。这种方法允许一种转化方法，在未来的研究中也可以进一步扩展到发育（例如，青春期期间的回避学习）和临床环境（例如，在药物渴望期间通过情绪调节进行主动应对的机制）。 公共健康相关性：拟议的研究将建立在动物情感学习的坚实的现有研究基础上，首先：在健康的人脑中建立以动物研究为模型的简单负强化任务的行为和神经关联；第二：研究人类更常见的主动应对负强化的替代方法，例如高阶认知策略。这种方法提供了一种转化方法，可用于理解负强化和药物滥用之间的关系，为药物滥用人群建立未来的临床研究（例如，在药物渴望期间通过情绪调节进行主动应对的机制）。