Neural mechanisms underlying the computation of depth from motion parallax

根据运动视差计算深度的神经机制

• 批准号: 10047000
• 负责人: Mark Nawrot
• 金额: $ 43.5万
• 依托单位: NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-30 至 2024-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10047000
• 关键词: Address; Amblyopia; Area; Behavioral; Brain; Cerebellar vermis structure; Clutterings; Complex; Data; Depth Perception; Development; Diagnosis; Disorientation; Environment; Eye; Eye Movements; Functional disorder; Goals; Image; Impairment; Investigation; Judgment; Learning; Macaca; Motion; Motion Perception; Movement; National Eye Institute; Neurons; Ocular Prosthesis; Outcome Study; Patients; Pattern; Perception; Positioning Attribute; Primates; Process; Proxy; Psychophysics; Research; Research Priority; Retina; Role; Rotation; Sensory; Signal Transduction; Source; Strabismus; Students; System; Technical Expertise; Techniques; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Translating; Translations; Vision; Visual; Visual Acuity; Visual Motion; Visual system structure; Work; area MT; experimental study; fovea centralis; frontal eye fields; interest; millisecond; motor control; nervous system disorder; neural network; neuromechanism; neurophysiology; neurotransmission; normal aging; object motion; object perception; oculomotor; preservation; programs; relating to nervous system; restoration; retinal imaging; sample fixation; undergraduate student; visual information; visual processing

Vision is an active process, and we frequently move our eyes to track targets of interest as we ourselves move. While useful for maintaining the fovea on a target, these 'pursuit' eye movements add global patterns of motion to the retinal image. Thus, to compute the motion or depth of objects in the world, our visual system must account for the image motion added by eye rotations. The standard view is that signals other than retinal image motion, such as efference copy of pursuit command signals, must be used to compensate for eye rotations. In this view, one would subtract off the visual motion resulting from eye rotation such that the remainder conveys information about motion of objects in the world. The present project assesses an alternative view, that the visual system uses this internal eye movement signal as a proxy for information about self-motion in relation to the point of fixation. More specifically, for Aim 1, we propose to use non-invasive brain stimulation (TMS) to investigate whether extra-retinal signals generated by the frontal eye fields (FEF) are necessary for the perception of depth from motion parallax. If TMS disruption of FEF processing is deleterious to the perception of depth from motion parallax, this would indicate that FEF is the source of the internal pursuit signal and is therefore part of the neural processing mechanism for the perception of motion. Alternatively, if TMS disruption of FEF does not affect the perception of depth from motion, this would suggest that the visual system instead relies on an earlier sensory foveal motion signal, the specific signal that elicits or drives the pursuit initiation signal, in the neural computation of depth from motion parallax. Aim 2 proposes to use TMS to assess the role of two additional brain areas in the computation of depth from motion parallax: visual area Middle Temporal (MT) and the Cerebellar Vermis. Both of these areas have been implicated in the perception of object motion, and are uniquely positioned to integrate the motion-related and extra-retinal pursuit signals needed to compute depth from motion parallax. However, their role in depth perception, and in particular in the computation of depth from motion parallax, remains unclear. If TMS of either area disrupts depth judgments, this would suggest a role in processing the extra-retinal pursuit signal generated by the FEF. Our previous work has made important advances in understanding the theoretical, psychophysical, and neurophysiological mechanisms of computing depth from motion parallax. The proposed project extends these investigations by directly assessing the role of the FEF, MT, and vermis in the computation of depth from motion parallax.

视觉是一个主动的过程，我们在观察时经常移动眼睛来追踪感兴趣的目标 我们自己移动。虽然对于将中央凹保持在目标上很有用，但这些“追踪”眼球运动增加了 视网膜图像的全局运动模式。因此，要计算物体的运动或深度 世界上，我们的视觉系统必须考虑眼睛旋转所增加的图像运动。标准视图 是除视网膜图像运动之外的信号，例如追踪命令信号的有效副本， 必须用于补偿眼睛旋转。在这种观点中，人们会减去视觉运动 眼睛旋转产生的结果，使得余数传达有关物体运动的信息 世界。本项目评估了另一种观点，即视觉系统使用这种内眼 运动信号作为与注视点相关的自我运动信息的代理。更多的 具体来说，对于目标 1，我们建议使用非侵入性脑刺激 (TMS) 来研究是否 额叶视野 (FEF) 生成的视网膜外信号对于深度感知是必要的 来自运动视差。如果 FEF 处理的 TMS 中断对深度感知有害 运动视差，这表明 FEF 是内部追踪信号的来源，因此 运动感知神经处理机制的一部分。或者，如果 TMS 中断 FEF 不会影响运动深度的感知，这表明视觉系统 相反，依赖于早期的感觉中央凹运动信号，即引发或驱动 追踪起始信号，在运动视差深度的神经计算中。目标 2 建议使用 TMS 评估两个额外大脑区域在运动视差深度计算中的作用： 视觉区域中颞叶 (MT) 和小脑蚓部。这两个领域都受到牵连 在物体运动的感知中，并且具有独特的定位来整合与运动相关的和 根据运动视差计算深度所需的视网膜外追踪信号。然而，他们的作用深入 感知，特别是在运动视差的深度计算中，仍然不清楚。如果经颅磁刺激 任一区域都会扰乱深度判断，这表明在处理视网膜外追踪中发挥作用 FEF 生成的信号。我们之前的工作在理解 从运动计算深度的理论、心理物理学和神经生理学机制 视差。拟议项目通过直接评估 FEF 的作用来扩展这些调查， MT 和蚓部用于计算运动视差的深度。