Patterns of Attention to Threat linked with Negative Reactivity in Infancy

对威胁的关注模式与婴儿期的消极反应有关

• 批准号: 8684012
• 负责人: Koraly E Perez-Edgar
• 金额: $ 23.08万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-08-15 至 2016-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8684012
• 关键词: Adolescence; Adult; Affect; Affective; Age; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Attention; Behavior; Behavioral; Behavioral inhibition; Child; Childhood; Clinical; Data; Detection; Development; Diagnosis; Effectiveness; Electroencephalography; Emotional; Emotions; Environment; Eye; Fright; Future; Gold; Heart Rate; Hydrocortisone; Individual; Individual Differences; Infant; Life; Link; Literature; Longitudinal Studies; Measures; Pattern; Performance; Play; Population; Predisposing Factor; Predisposition; Process; Protocols documentation; Psychophysiology; Relative (related person); Research; Research Domain Criteria; Research Personnel; Risk; Risk Factors; Role; Salivary; Sensory; Shapes; Social Functioning; Stimulus; Stream; System; Temperament; Testing; Time; Variant; Visual; Visual attention; Withdrawal; Work; base; cognitive system; design; emotion regulation; infancy; information processing; innovation; novel; preference; public health relevance; response; social; trait; vigilance

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The adult and child clinical literature suggests that individuals who are clinically anxious or have high levels of trait anxiety show attention biases t threat. In addition, when these attention biases are experimentally manipulated in the lab, researchers can exacerbate or ameliorate levels of anxious thought and behavior. This has led researchers to argue that attention biases to threat may cause anxiety. However, the degree to which threat-related attention bias represents a down-stream result of ongoing anxiety or an early-emerging predisposing factor implicated in the risk for the development of anxiety disorders remains unclear. The studies highlighting the effectiveness of attention manipulation take a mechanistic view of the relation between attention and affect. These studies are important and useful proof of concept for the assumption that attention may play a causal role in the emergence of anxiety. However, they cannot elucidate how these information processing biases actually develop over the course of childhood. Infant studies suggest that a general preference for looking to threat-relevant stimuli is evident in the first year of life, but have no captured the importance of individual differences or specific subcomponents of attention. In some children, affect biased attention, the predisposition to preferentially attend to affective stimuli, may "tune" initial attentional filters to seek out and identify threat, biasing subsequent information processing and behavioral enactment and serving as a foundational form of emotion regulation. We know that anxious adults and children show attention biases to threat, that early temperament is associated with elevated levels of negative affect and anxiety, and that normative patterns of preferential attention to threat are evident as early as the first year of lie. However, we know little concerning how these inter-relations appear and change over time since much of the attention-affect literature (1) has focused on adult clinically-defined populations, (2) does not systematically assess both constructs across multiple tasks and contexts, and (3) rarely takes a developmental view that examines core mechanisms as they emerge in infancy and differentiate between normative patterns and patterns associated with specific risk factors. The current study proposes to refine and validate three eye- tracking tasks that capture core components of attention in the first two years of life. In addition, we will implement a rich assessment of temperamental negative affect, which is associated with the later emergence of anxiety and social withdrawal. This line of research reflects the focus in the Research Domain Criteria on integrating mechanisms by examining response to potential threat (negative valence systems), attention patterns (cognitive systems) and early patterns of affect across varying socio-emotional contexts (negative valence systems and social processes).

描述（由申请人提供）：成人和儿童临床文献表明，临床上焦虑或特质焦虑较高的个人表现出注意力偏见。另外，当这些注意力偏见在实验室中受到实验操纵时，研究人员可以加剧或改善焦虑的思想和行为水平。这使研究人员认为，关注偏见可能会引起焦虑。但是，与威胁相关的注意力偏见的程度代表了持续的焦虑或早期出现的诱发因素的下游结果，该因素与焦虑症的风险有关，尚不清楚。这些研究强调注意力操纵的有效性对注意力与情感之间的关系有机械看法。这些研究是重要且有用的概念证明，因为人们的注意力可能在焦虑的出现中起因果作用。但是，他们无法阐明这些信息处理偏见在童年时期的实际发展。婴儿研究表明，人们对寻求与威胁相关的刺激的一般偏好在生命的第一年很明显，但没有捕捉到个体差异或特定关注的特定亚组成部分的重要性。在某些儿童中，会影响偏见的注意力，优先参加情感刺激的倾向，可能会“调整”初始注意力过滤器，以寻求和识别威胁，随后偏见 信息处理和行为颁布，并作为情绪调节的基础形式。我们知道，焦虑的成年人和儿童表现出对威胁的关注偏见，早期的气质与负面影响和焦虑的水平升高有关，并且最早在谎言的第一年就显而易见，优先关注威胁的规范模式很明显。但是，我们几乎不知道这些相互关系如何出现和随时间变化，因为许多注意力影响文献（1）都集中在成人临床定义的人群上，（2）并未系统地评估两种任务和上下文之间的构造，（3）很难对开发观点进行核心的核心机制，并在范围内构成了核心机制，并且在典型的风险方面和差异化的模式和差异化的模式相关联。当前的研究提议完善和验证三个眼睛跟踪任务，这些任务在生命的头两年中捕获了关注的核心成分。此外，我们将对气质负面影响进行丰富的评估，这与后来的焦虑和社交戒断有关。这一研究线反映了研究领域标准中的重点是通过研究对潜在威胁（负价系统），注意力模式（认知系统）的反应（负面的系统）和早期情感的反应来整合机制的重点，以及各种社会情感环境（负价性系统和社会过程）的早期情感模式。