SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GATED COMMUNITIES ON AMERICAN CITIES

封闭社区对美国城市的社会经济影响

• 批准号: 7674489
• 负责人: Elena Vesselinov
• 金额: $ 7.88万
• 依托单位: QUEENS COLLEGE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-08-01 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7674489
• 关键词: Address; American; Americas; Anthropology; Area; Assimilations; Calculi; Case Study; Censuses; Cities; Classification; Cluster Analysis; Communities; Conflict (Psychology); Costs and Benefits; Crime; Data; Data Set; Development; Dimensions; Economics; Entropy; Ethnography; Factor Analysis; Geography; Government; Household; Housing; Inequality; Joints; Knowledge; Lead; Light; Link; Measures; Methodology; Methods; Minority; Modeling; Neighborhoods; Pattern; Policy Maker; Privatization; Process; Property; Research; Science; Security; Social Distance; Sociology; Stratification; Surveys; Testing; Theoretical model; Time; Typology; Ursidae Family; base; community organizations; economic impact; expectation; indexing; innovation; interest; metropolitan; psychologic; segregation; social; social separation; theories; urban area

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Urban scholars across disciplinary boundaries have recently focused on the costs and benefits of gated communities on larger areas but the empirical evidence is quite limited. Using an original dataset, constructed specifically for the purpose of the study, this project integrates theories and methodologies from urban sociology and urban geography to understand the increasingly important socio-economic impact of gated communities on urban America. The authors juxtapose three theoretical frameworks, which lead to articulations of the gating process in different light: (1) the spatial assimilation approach (Massey and Mullan, 1984), (2) the place stratification approach (Alba and Logan, 1991) and (3) the theory of the club economy (Webster and Lai, 2003). The spatial assimilation approach and the place stratification approach are widely used in sociological research to understand the residential patterns of minorities and whites in the U.S. Applying these two perspectives to gated communities leads to the expectation that these communities most likely contribute to the patterns of segregation and separation in urban areas. The theory of the "club economy" suggests that gated communities are produced as territorial "club goods" in a similar fashion as private social clubs, which leads to the expectation that gated communities are mostly homogeneous enclaves. The juxtaposition of the theoretical perspectives guides us in addressing one central research question at two geographical levels: Do gated communities increase the levels of racial and economic residential segregation in urban regions? We examine this question by constructing dissimilarity and entropy indices at metropolitan level and then by applying spatial analysis of social distance at neighborhood level. We further apply hierarchical cluster analysis to test a typology of gated communities developed through our theoretical model. For the purposes of our analyses we construct a unique, comprehensive, geographically referenced dataset, encompassing 31 metropolitan areas. Thus far gated communities in the U.S. have been investigated with the methods of case studies, survey data or other types of data for specific urban areas. Therefore, at present we have only partial and conflicting knowledge about the socio-economic impact of gated communities on urban areas. The proposed research addresses this serious limitation in innovative data-gathering and analytical ways and the results will make several important contributions: (1) add to the academic debates related to gated communities, segregation and urban inequality; (2) be useful for policy makers at local, state and federal levels, who need to know more about the impact of gated enclaves; (3) be useful for non-governmental agencies and community organizations in defining their own agendas for neighborhood change.

描述（由申请人提供）：跨学科边界的城市学者最近关注较大地区封闭社区的成本和收益，但经验证据相当有限。该项目使用专门为研究目的构建的原始数据集，整合了城市社会学和城市地理学的理论和方法，以了解封闭社区对美国城市日益重要的社会经济影响。作者并置了三个理论框架，从不同的角度阐述了门控过程：(1) 空间同化方法（Massey 和 Mullan，1984），(2) 地点分层方法（Alba 和 Logan，1991）和（ 3）俱乐部经济理论（Webster and Lai，2003）。空间同化方法和地点分层方法广泛应用于社会学研究中，以了解美国少数族裔和白人的居住模式。将这两种观点应用于门禁社区会导致预期这些社区最有可能促成种族隔离和种族隔离的模式。城市地区的分离。 “俱乐部经济”理论表明，门禁社区是作为领土“俱乐部商品”以与私人社交俱乐部类似的方式生产的，这导致门禁社区大多是同质飞地的预期。理论观点的并置指导我们在两个地理层面解决一个中心研究问题：封闭社区是否会增加城市地区的种族和经济居住隔离水平？我们通过在大都市层面构建相异指数和熵指数，然后在社区层面应用社会距离的空间分析来研究这个问题。我们进一步应用层次聚类分析来测试通过我们的理论模型开发的封闭社区的类型。为了分析的目的，我们构建了一个独特、全面、地理参考的数据集，涵盖 31 个大都市区。迄今为止，美国的封闭社区都是通过案例研究、调查数据或特定城市地区的其他类型数据的方法进行调查的。因此，目前我们对封闭社区对城市地区的社会经济影响只有片面和相互矛盾的了解。拟议的研究以创新的数据收集和分析方式解决了这一严重限制，其结果将做出几个重要贡献：（1）增加与门禁社区、种族隔离和城市不平等相关的学术辩论； (2) 对地方、州和联邦各级的政策制定者有用，他们需要更多地了解封闭飞地的影响； (3) 有助于非政府机构和社区组织制定自己的社区变革议程。

项目成果

Inequality shaping processes and gated communities in US western metropolitan areas.

美国西部大都市区的不平等形成过程和封闭社区。

• DOI: 10.1177/0042098014532555
• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Urban studies (Edinburgh, Scotland)
• 作者: Goix,RenaudLe;Vesselinov,Elena
• 通讯作者: Vesselinov,Elena

Segregation by Design: Mechanisms of Selection of Latinos and Whites into Gated Communities.

• DOI: 10.1177/1078087411429928
• 发表时间: 2012-05
• 期刊: Urban affairs review (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)
• 作者: Vesselinov E