Methods for Evaluating the Physical and Social Environment of Urban Neighborhoods

评估城市社区的物质和社会环境的方法

• 批准号: 7575799
• 负责人: DANIELLE C OMPAD
• 金额: $ 17.6万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-03-01 至 2011-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7575799
• 关键词: AIDS/HIV problem; Address; Affect; Area; Attention; Automobile Driving; Censuses; Characteristics; Cities; Classification; Code; Cognitive; Communities; Data; Data Collection; Databases; Disadvantaged; Disease; Drug usage; Economics; Environment; Evaluation; Face; Factor Analysis; Gold; HIV; Health; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare; High Prevalence; Housing; Immigration; Income; Individual; Inequality; Life; Location; Maps; Measures; Mental Health; Methods; Minority; Monitor; Nature; Neighborhoods; New York; New York City; Outcome; Parents; Participant; Patient Self-Report; Performance; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Physical environment; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders; Poverty; Public Health; Research; Research Personnel; Resources; Risk; Sampling; Social Environment; Social Health Services; Social Work; Testing; Time; Training; Transportation; Update; Urban Health; Validity and Reliability; Video Recording; Videotape; Work; base; cost; deprivation; design; health care service organization; inner city; instrument; public health relevance; racial and ethnic; residence; segregation; social; socioeconomics; statistics; stressor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a comprehensive, systematic approach to characterizing urban neighborhoods through direct observation of neighborhood characteristics. Public health researchers and practitioners have begun to refocus on the context in which an individual lives as an important determinant of health. Neighborhood characteristics are typically measured through participant self-report, observation (often via video), or secondary databases like the US Census. Major limitations of these approaches include the inability to monitor changes over time, costs and significant staff resources. This has limited their inclusion in more than a few studies and resulted in neighborhoods being evaluated at a single point during a study. Yet, during a multi-year study, the urban neighborhood context may significantly change as a result of seasonality, gentrification, immigration, etc. We propose to evaluate and revise a brief scale, already developed by the research team, aimed at measuring the social, physical and resource environment of urban neighborhoods through direct observation and examine the reliability and validity of the scale. To achieve these aims, we will be working within a larger multi-level parent study aimed at examining the associations between features of the urban environment and mental health, drug use, and HIV risk in 36 NYC neighborhoods that have already been ethnographically defined. We will first define an additional 15 neighborhoods in affluent and/or predominantly white neighborhoods in New York City, as our current sampling frame is overrepresented by neighborhoods with a high prevalence of economic deprivation and minorities. Next, we will use our neighborhood evaluation scale and neighborhood mapping to measure the urban environment. Each of the 51 target neighborhoods will be rated by two independent observers twice a year for 2 years, providing 4 iterations for data collection, analysis and scale revision. Reliability will be assessed via measures of inter-rater and test retest reliability and internal consistency. Problematic items will be eliminated or reworked in the next iteration. The scale will also be assessed for each type of validity. Face validity will be assessed through review by study investigators, consultants and staff. Content validity will be evaluated through internal consistency and evaluation of item values pre- and post-training. Factor analysis will be used to explore the presence and nature of factors. Criterion-related validity will be assessed by video recording and rating a sub-sample of blocks as a "gold standard" for the final iteration of the scale. External construct validity checks comparing the scale results for each neighborhood to key indicators from the US Census (e.g., residential segregation, income inequality) will be performed. In year 2, we will also administer the scale in 50 randomly selected Detroit neighborhoods to evaluate the scale's performance in another urban setting and assess the generalizability. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Public health researchers and practitioners have begun to refocus on the context in which as individual lives as an important determinant of health. Neighborhood characteristics are typically measured through participant self-report, observation (often via video), or secondary databases like the US Census which are limited in their ability to monitor changes over time, are expensive and require significant staffing resources. The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a comprehensive, systematic approach to characterizing urban neighborhoods through direct observation of neighborhood characteristics that will address these limitations.

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的目的是设计和评估一种通过直接观察社区特征来表征城市社区的全面，系统的方法。公共卫生研究人员和从业人员已经开始在个人生活为健康的重要决定因素的背景下重新关注。通常通过参与者的自我报告，观察（通常是通过视频）或美国人口普查等二级数据库来衡量邻里特征。这些方法的主要局限性包括无法监视随着时间的变化，成本和大量员工资源。这限制了它们在多个研究中的包含，并导致在研究期间在一个点进行评估的社区。然而，在一项多年的研究中，由于季节性，绅士化，移民等，城市社区的环境可能会发生重大变化。我们建议我们评估和修改研究团队已经开发的简短规模，旨在通过直接观察和研究规模的可靠性和有效性来衡量城市社区的社会，物理和资源环境。为了实现这些目标，我们将在一项较大的多层次父母研究中工作，旨在研究城市环境特征与心理健康，药物使用和HIV风险之间的关联，而纽约市已经在人种学上定义了。我们将首先在纽约市的富裕和/或主要是白人社区中额外定义15个社区，因为我们目前的抽样框架被经济剥夺和少数群体的盛行率很高的社区所代表。接下来，我们将使用我们的邻里评估量表和邻里映射来衡量城市环境。 51个目标社区中的每一个将由两名独立观察者两次评为2年，为数据收集，分析和规模修订提供了4个迭代。可靠性将通过评估者间和测试重新测试可靠性和内部一致性来评估。在下一次迭代中，有问题的项目将被消除或重新设计。该量表还将针对每种类型的有效性进行评估。面部有效性将通过研究调查员，顾问和员工进行评估。内容有效性将通过内部一致性以及对培训前和培训后项目值的评估进行评估。因子分析将用于探索因素的存在和性质。标准相关的有效性将通过视频记录和评级为块的子样本作为“金标准”的最终迭代来评估。外部结构有效性检查将进行比较每个社区的量表结果与美国人口普查的关键指标（例如，住宅隔离，收入不平等）。在第二年，我们还将在50个随机选择的底特律社区中管理量表，以评估量表在另一个城市环境中的表现并评估可推广性。公共卫生相关性：公共卫生研究人员和从业人员已经开始在个人生活中成为健康的重要决定因素的背景下重新关注。邻里特征通常是通过参与者来衡量的 自我报告，观察（通常是通过视频）或诸如美国人口普查的次要数据库，它们的监视能力随着时间的流逝而昂贵，需要大量人员配备资源。这项研究的目的是设计和评估一种通过直接观察将解决这些限制的社区特征来表征城市社区的全面，系统的方法。