Do Cell Phone Laws Reduce Calling, Texting, and Crashes among Young Drivers?

手机法是否会减少年轻司机打电话、发短信和撞车事故？

• 批准号: 8601897
• 负责人: Motao Zhu
• 金额: $ 17.73万
• 依托单位: WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-01-01 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8601897
• 关键词: Accidents; Adolescent; Adolescent Risk Behavior; Adolescent and Young Adult; Affect; Age; Automobile Driving; Behavior; Binomial Model; Cellular Phone; Cessation of life; Data; Data Sources; District of Columbia; Effectiveness; Electronic Mail; Goals; Hand; Healthy People 2020; High School Student; Individual; Information Systems; Injury; Laws; Lead; Licensing; Licensure; Logistics; Measures; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Outcome; Patient Self-Report; Police; Policies; Public Health; Reading; Reporting; Research; Safety; Statutes and Laws; Surveys; System; Telephone; Text; Transportation; Travel; Variant; Vehicle crash; Work; Young driver; base; cost; hazard; improved; innovation; public health relevance; skills; surveillance data; trafficking; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cell phone use while driving has been estimated to cause 333,000 crashes each year, resulting in 2,600 deaths and $43 billion in societal costs. An increasing number of states have implemented cell phone laws banning hand-held phone use and texting while driving, but it remains unclear whether these laws reduce calling, texting, or crashes among young drivers. The Objective of this application is to determine across multiple states the impact of cell phone laws and their enforcement on calling and texting while driving, and on rates of injurious and fatal traffic crashes among drivers under age 25. Its Central hypothesis is that, the effectiveness of cell phone laws is impacted by certain provisions of the law, and that most laws have little or no impact unless they include a high degree of enforcement. It will pursue the following specific aims: 1) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and which level of enforcement actually reduce roadside-observed calling while driving among drivers under age 25; 2) Identify which provisions of texting bans and which level of enforcement reduce self-reported texting or emailing while driving among high school students; and 3) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and texting bans, and which level of enforcement reduce traffic crash rates among drivers under age 25. The following legislative provisions will be examined: mode of enforcement (primary enforcement-officers can stop a vehicle for cell phone use only; or secondary enforcement-driver must first be cited for another infraction), total cell phone ban for drivers < age 18 (yes or no), texting ban fr all ages (yes or no), amount of fine ( $100 or < $100), license delay for drivers < 18 ( 6 months, < 6 months, or no), and penalty points on license (yes or no). The level of enforcement will be measured by the number of cell-phone-related citations per driver-year. The data sources include: 2000- 2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (roadside-observed cell phone use), 2011 and 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data (self-reported texting or emailing while driving), and 2000-2013 state- based Police Accident Reports (injurious crashes) and Fatality Analysis Reporting System (fatal crashes). Multilevel logistic and negative binomial models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level cell phone use while driving and state-level crash rates. Guided by strong preliminary data, this study will use several innovative approaches. Its unique multi-state approach differentiates the effects of laws among states due to variations in legislative provisions and the level of enforcement. There are multiple independent measures of impact: roadside-observed cell phone use, self-reported texting while driving, and traffic crash rates. It will be the first study to control for an importnt confounder (increasing cell phone popularity). Given that 42 states and District of Columbia have enacted at least one type of cell phone law, the significance is that, the findings of this study should inform policymakers' efforts to upgrade existing, or develop new laws, and better enforce laws that can effectively reduce cell phone use while driving, and traffic crashes.

描述（由申请人提供）：据估计，开车时使用手机每年会导致 333,000 起车祸，导致 2,600 人死亡，造成 430 亿美元的社会成本。越来越多的州实施了手机法，禁止开车时使用手持电话和发短信，但目前尚不清楚这些法律是否会减少年轻驾驶员打电话、发短信或发生撞车事故。此应用程序的目的是确定多个州的手机法律及其执行对开车时打电话和发短信以及对 25 岁以下驾驶员造成伤害和致命交通事故的影响。其中心假设是，手机法受到某些法律条款的影响，并且大多数法律只有高度执行才能产生很小或根本没有影响。它将追求以下具体目标： 1) 确定手持手机禁令的哪些规定以及何种程度的执法能够真正减少 25 岁以下驾驶员开车时路边观察到的通话情况； 2) 确定短信禁令的哪些规定以及何种程度的执法减少了高中生在开车时自我报告的短信或电子邮件； 3) 确定手持手机禁令和短信禁令的哪些规定以及何种程度的执法可降低 25 岁以下驾驶员的交通事故率。将审查以下立法规定： 执法方式（主要执法人员可以制止仅限使用手机的车辆；或必须首先对次要执法驾驶员进行另一次违规处罚）、 18 岁以下驾驶员全面禁止使用手机（是或否）、 所有年龄段禁止发短信（是或否）、 金额美好的（ 100 美元或 < 100 美元）、驾驶员执照延迟 < 18 个月（6 个月、< 6 个月或否）以及执照扣分（是或否）。执法水平将根据驾驶员每年与手机相关的罚单数量来衡量。数据来源包括：2000-2013 年全国乘员保护使用调查（路边观察手机使用情况）、2011 年和 2013 年全国青少年危险行为监测数据（驾驶时自我报告的发短信或发电子邮件）以及 2000-2013 年各州警方事故报告（伤害性碰撞）和死亡分析报告系统（致命碰撞）。多级逻辑和负二项式模型将用于估计州级法律对个人驾驶时使用手机和州级事故率的影响。在强有力的初步数据的指导下，本研究将采用多种创新方法。由于立法规定和执行水平的差异，其独特的多州方法使各州之间的法律效果有所不同。有多种独立的影响衡量标准：路边观察到的手机使用情况、驾驶时自我报告的短信情况以及交通事故率。这将是第一项控制重要混杂因素（手机普及率不断提高）的研究。鉴于 42 个州和哥伦比亚特区已经颁布了至少一种类型的手机法，这项研究的意义在于，这项研究的结果应该为政策制定者提供信息，帮助其升级现有法律或制定新法律，并更好地执行能够有效地实施的法律。减少开车时使用手机和交通事故。