Hazardous Waste Worker Training Program (HWWTP)

危险废物工人培训计划（HWWTP）

• 批准号: 8711453
• 负责人: Beverly L Wright
• 金额: $ 18.39万
• 依托单位: DILLARD UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8711453
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Adult; Air; American; Area; Asians; Awareness; Businesses; Chemical Exposure; Chemical Industry; Chemicals; Cities; City Government; Collaborations; Commerce; Communities; Complex; Contractor; Country; Deep South; Department of Defense; Department of Energy; Development; Disadvantaged; Disease; Economics; Education; Education and Outreach; Educational workshop; Energy-Generating Resources; Environment; Environmental Health; Excision; Expenditure; Explosion; Exposure to; Fire - disasters; Five-Year Plans; Food Chain; Funding; Goals; Government; Government Agencies; Hazardous Substances; Hazardous Waste; Hazardous Waste Sites; Health; Hispanics; Historically Black Colleges and Universities; Hour; Human; Human Resources; Hurricane; Individual; Industry; Injury; Investments; Language; Leadership; Life; Link; Living Standards; Local Government; Location; Louisiana; Low income; Maintenance; Marketing; Massachusetts; Medical; Methods; Michigan; Military Personnel; Minor; Minority; Mississippi; Municipalities; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Natural Disasters; Nervous system structure; Occupations; Oils; Participant; Pathway interactions; Petroleum; Plants; Police; Policies; Pollution Prevention; Population; Positioning Attribute; Poverty; Price; Process; Professional Organizations; Program Evaluation; Provider; Public Health; Recovery; Reporting; Resources; Risk; Safety; Services; Site; Soil; Superfund; Supported Employment; Surface; Surgeon; Target Populations; Techniques; Technology; Terrorism; Threshold Limit Values; Training; Training Programs; Training Technics; Travel; U-Series Cooperative Agreements; Unemployment; United States; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Universities; Waste Management; Water; Work; Workplace; base; climate change; community college; cost; cost efficient; design; drinking water; economic impact; emergency service responder; environmental justice; fighting; ground water; hazard; health disparity; high school; improved; landfill; literacy; meetings; metropolitan; neurotoxic; operation; outreach; prevent; programs; remediation; restraint; skills; social; sound; symposium; trend; wasting; weapons of mass destruction

The longstanding practice of the disposal of hazardous waste at landfills, industrial plants military bases, and other locations across the country has contaminated many thousands of sites and nearby communities. (Ruttenberg and Associates, Inc. 1996: 2). In 1992, a report by the United States General Accounting Office identified environmental and public health risks at these hazardous waste sites that included contaminated air, direct contact with hazardous waste contaminated drinking water, ecological damage, fire and explosions, hazards, exposure through the food chain, and contaminated ground water, soil and surface water (U.S. General Accounting Office 1992). An estimated one in four Americans lives within 3 miles of a hazardous waste site. The number of identified sites for cleanup is astounding. Through the end of fiscal year 2007, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had identified 1,569 sites on the National Priorities List (U.S. GAO 2008). Tens of thousands of sites are listed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense. Additionally, there are more than 295,000 underground storage tanks that require closure or removal and as many as 425,000 state and private sites (Ruttenberg and Associates, Inc. 1996). Between 70,000 and 80,000 chemicals are on the commercial market and hence in the environment with nearly six trillion pounds produced annually in the United States. Every year 1000 - 2000 new chemicals enter the market and consequently the environment (Kreisel, 1998). Neurotoxic chemicals are significant contributors to human health problems that result from environmental and work place chemical exposure (Donkin and Williams, 2000). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reports that exposure to neurotoxic chemicals is one of the 10 leading causes of work-related disease and injury and that over twenty-five percent (25%) of the chemicals for which the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established threshold limit values (TLV) have demonstrated nervous system effects. The EPA report, Cleaning Up the Nation's Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends 2004 Edition (U.S. EPA 2004), found more than 77,000 sites contaminated with hazardous waste and petroleum products, with up to 9,267 more discovered each year. By 2039, as many as 355,000 hazardous waste sites in the U.S. could require cleanup. Additionally, in its 2008-2012 Five Year Plan, the Department of Energy (DOE) estimates completing cleanup of 100 contaminated sites by 2025. Under current regulatory requirements and practices, an estimated 294,000 sites (range 235,000 -355,000) in the seven market segments will need to be cleaned up. This estimate does not include sites where cleanup is completed or ongoing. More than ninety percent (90%) of these sites are in programs that tend to have relatively smaller, less-complex cleanup projects, such as the underground storage tank (UST) program (125,000 sites) and state voluntary and mandatory cleanup programs (150,000). The nation must clean up hazardous waste sites. This is an arduous task, requiring the efforts of millions of workers and hundreds of billions of dollars. It is estimated that on - site remedial action alone for the years 1990-2010, will utilize three million jobs a year, or 4.5 billion hours of labor. Accordingly, operations and maintenance work will require another one billion-labor hours (Ruttenberg and Associates, Inc. 1996). Hazardous waste cleanup, generally, improves the environment. It can also have the added benefit of growing the economy. For example, waste management activities grew by more than 40 percent in the first three years of the decade (U.S. Department of Energy 1994). A 1994 Environmental Protection Agency reports found that for every $1 of Superfund expenditure, $3.10 of goods and services was generated (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1994: 12). Specifically calculated over the period of FY 81 - FY92, $7.6 billion of superfund procurement had a total direct and indirect economic impact of $ 23.5 billion. Since September 11th, federal officials have warned the chemical industry that terrorist launched attacks could turn hazardous materials plants into weapons of mass destruction (Gremaldi and Gugliotta 2001: AO1). The magnitude of a terrorist attack on US chemical facilities could easily exceed the loss of life suffered on September 11. The Surgeon General of the U.S. Army identified chemical plants as second only to bio-terrorism in terrorists' threats to the United States. Of the nation's 15,000 chemical facilities, the U.S. General Accounting Office (2004) reports that 123 are close enough to potentially endanger more than one million people if a terrorist attack occurred. Some 700 are close enough to put 100,000 at risk, and about 2,900 are close enough to put at least 10,000 lives at risk. The Consortium training is designed to meet emerging threats and opportunities posed by challenges associated with changing climate, alternative energy sources, and rapidly penetrating new materials and technologies into global commerce. Greater awareness surrounding climate change has increased our concern about more natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, which resulted in 6-8 million gallons of petroleum released onto grounds and waterways from four major oil spills and 134 minor spills. The Consortium training focuses on legacy cleanup of hazardous wastes as well as training for the new "green" and clean-energy economy. New waste cleanup approaches focus on green assessment, green remediation and green construction. The clean-energy economy is projected to create new 'pathways out of poverty' for the 78 million people in the U.S. (roughly 25 percent of the population) who are presently poor or near-poor, and raise living standards more generally for low-income people in the United States. According to the University of Massachusetts, Green Prosperity: How Clean Energy Policies Can Fight Poverty and Raise Living Standards in the United States report, investment in "green jobs" in a clean-energy economy, including weatherization, would produce 31,658 jobs, over 17,000 for metro Atlanta workers with high school degrees or less, and cut unemployment by over one percentage point. In the Detroit metropolitan area, investment in a clean energy economy would produce 23,880 new jobs overall, with 11,312 jobs for workers with high school degrees or less. In the New Orleans metropolitan area, investment in a clean energy economy would produce 6,629 jobs, over 3,700 for workers with high school degrees or less, and cut unemployment by over one percentage point. (Pollin, Wicks-Lim, and Garnett-Peltier 2009). In 2009, more than $78.72 billion were allocated to clean energy and weatherization under the Recovery Act. Of this total, $50.7 million was allocated to Louisiana, $248 million in Georgia, $49.4 million in Mississippi, and $243 million in Michigan. The overall goal of the Weatherization Assistance Program is to reduce the burden of energy prices on the disadvantaged. As hazardous waste cleanup expands and intensifies, millions of individuals will spend a portion of their working lives in the hazardous waste cleanup process. It is clear that if the United States is to maintain its position of economic and political leadership in the world, fundamental changes must occur in the workplace and in the educational programs that support employment. The proposed program will: (1) build the capacity of HBCUs and CBOs to deliver technically sound hazardous waste worker training; (2) reach underserved workers in the target population; and (3) provide training for workers in the emerging area of green remediation/green jobs, to address new hazards to the hazardous waste workforce in areas where municipal financial restraints limit opportunities for workforce training (i.e., firemen, policemen etc.) Specifically, the project will service (1) HBCUs in the southern region that have been historically under-resourced and whose facilities personnel are less well-trained/prepared to handle hazardous materials; (2) small unions mostly composed of minority workers with education, language and literacy deficiencies and (3) first responders from small or under-resourced municipalities, where budgetary constraints have not allowed full participation in training programs even in cases with no costs except travel (i.e., firemen, police etc.). The Consortium is becoming recognized as a resource in its geographical area. Continued funding will provide a stable base to assure that core consortium personnel are available for outreach and the coordination of a cadre of personnel for program delivery.

在垃圾填埋场、工厂、军​​事基地和其他地方处置危险废物的长期做法 全国各地数以千计的地点和附近社区受到污染。 （鲁滕贝格和 联营公司，1996 年：2)。 1992 年，美国审计总署的一份报告指出，环境和 这些危险废物场的公共卫生风险包括受污染的空气、直接接触危险废物 受污染的饮用水、生态破坏、火灾和爆炸、危险、通过食物链的暴露，以及 受污染的地下水、土壤和地表水（美国总审计局 1992 年）。估计有四分之一 美国人居住在距离危险废物场 3 英里以内的地方。已确定的清理地点数量惊人。 截至 2007 财年末，美国环境保护署 (EPA) 已确定了 1,569 个地点 国家优先事项清单（U.S. GAO 2008）。数以万计的网站被列入该部门的管辖范围 能源和国防部。此外，还有超过295,000个地下储罐 需要关闭或拆除多达 425,000 个国家和私人场所（Ruttenberg and Associates, Inc. 1996）。 商业市场上有 70,000 至 80,000 种化学品，因此环境中有近六种化学品 美国每年生产万亿英镑。每年有 1000 - 2000 种新化学品进入市场并 从而影响环境（Kreisel，1998）。神经毒性化学物质对人类健康有重要贡献 因环境和工作场所化学品暴露而导致的问题（Donkin 和 Williams，2000）。国家报 职业安全与健康研究所 (NIOSH) 报告称，接触神经毒性化学物质是 10 种危害因素之一。 与工作相关的疾病和伤害的主要原因，以及超过百分之二十五 (25%) 的化学品 美国政府工业卫生学家会议 (ACGIH) 制定了阈限值 (TLV) 表现出神经系统效应。 EPA 报告《清理国家废物场：2004 年版市场和技术趋势》（U.S. EPA 2004）， 发现超过 77,000 个场所受到危险废物和石油产品污染，另有多达 9,267 个场所受到污染 每年都会发现。到 2039 年，美国可能有多达 355,000 个危险废物场需要清理。此外， 在 2008-2012 年五年计划中，能源部 (DOE) 预计将完成 100 个受污染地区的清理工作 到 2025 年网站。 根据当前的监管要求和实践，七个国家中估计有 294,000 个站点（范围 235,000 -355,000） 细分市场需要清理。此估计不包括已完成或正在进行清理的地点。 这些站点中超过百分之九十 (90%) 的项目往往具有相对较小、不太复杂的清理工作 项目，例如地下储罐 (UST) 计划（125,000 个地点）以及州自愿和强制清理 计划（150,000）。 国家必须清理危险废物场。这是一项艰巨的任务，需要亿万工人的努力 数千亿美元。据估计，仅1990-2010年的现场补救行动就将利用3个 每年 100 万个工作岗位，即 45 亿小时的劳动时间。因此，操作和维护工作将需要另一台 十亿工时（Ruttenberg and Associates, Inc. 1996）。危险废物清理通常可以改善 环境。它还可以带来经济增长的额外好处。例如，废物管理活动有所增长 在这十年的前三年增长了 40% 以上（美国能源部 1994 年）。 1994年环境 保护局报告发现，超级基金每支出 1 美元，就会产生 3.10 美元的商品和服务 （美国环境保护署 1994 年：12）。具体计算 81 财年至 92 财年期间，将有 76 亿美元 超级基金采购产生的直接和间接经济影响总额为 235 亿美元。 自9月11日以来，联邦官员一直警告化学工业，恐怖分子发动的袭击可能会导致化学工业的恶化。 危险材料工厂转化为大规模杀伤性武器（Gremaldi 和 Gugliotta 2001：AO1）。 a 的大小 美国化工厂遭受的恐怖袭击很可能超过 9 月 11 日造成的人员伤亡。 美国陆军军医长指出，化工厂是恐怖分子对人类造成的威胁中仅次于生物恐怖主义的第二大威胁。 美国。美国审计总署 (2004) 报告称，在全国 15,000 个化学设施中，有 123 个 如果发生恐怖袭击，可能会危及超过一百万人的安全。大约有700个接近 足以使 100,000 人面临危险，而大约 2,900 人距离足够近，足以使至少 10,000 人面临生命危险。 联盟培训旨在应对与以下领域相关的挑战所带来的新威胁和机遇 气候变化、替代能源以及新材料和技术迅速渗透到全球 商业。人们对气候变化的认识增强，增加了我们对更多自然灾害的担忧，例如 卡特里娜飓风导致 6-800 万加仑石油从四个地方泄漏到地面和水道上 重大漏油事件和 134 起轻微漏油事件。 该联盟的培训重点是危险废物的遗留清理以及新的“绿色”和清洁能源的培训 经济。新的废物清理方法侧重于绿色评估、绿色修复和绿色施工。 清洁能源经济预计将为美国 7800 万人开辟新的“脱贫之路” （约占人口的 25%）目前处于贫困或接近贫困状态，并更普遍地提高生活水平 美国的低收入人群。根据马萨诸塞大学的《绿色繁荣：清洁程度》 美国报告称，能源政策可以消除贫困并提高生活水平，投资于“绿色就业” 包括防风化在内的清洁能源经济将创造 31,658 个就业岗位，其中 17,000 多个为亚特兰大都会区的工人提供 拥有高中或以下学历，并将失业率降低一个百分点以上。在底特律都会区， 清洁能源经济投资将创造 23,880 个新就业岗位，其中 11,312 个就业岗位为高收入工人 学校学位或以下。在新奥尔良都市区，对清洁能源经济的投资将产生 6,629 为高中及以下学历的工人提供了 3,700 多个就业岗位，并将失业率降低了一个百分点以上。 （Pollin、Wicks-Lim 和 Garnett-Peltier 2009）。 2009年，根据《复苏法案》，超过787.2亿美元的资金被分配给清洁能源和气候保护。在这个总数中， 路易斯安那州拨款 5,070 万美元，乔治亚州拨款 2.48 亿美元，密西西比州拨款 4,940 万美元，密西西比州拨款 2.43 亿美元。 密歇根州。耐候援助计划的总体目标是减轻能源价格对人们的负担 处于不利地位。 随着危险废物清理工作的扩大和加强，数以百万计的人将在工作中度过一部分时间 危险废物清理过程。很明显，如果美国要维持其经济和贸易地位 世界政治领导力，工作场所和教育计划必须发生根本性变革， 支持就业。拟议的计划将：(1) 建设 HBCU 和 CBO 的能力，以提供可靠的技术 危险废物工人培训； (2) 覆盖目标人群中服务不足的工人； (3) 提供培训 绿色修复/绿色工作新兴领域的工人，以解决危险废物劳动力面临的新危害 在市政财政限制限制劳动力培训机会的地区（例如消防员、警察等） 具体来说，该项目将为 (1) 历史上资源匮乏且南部地区的 HBCU 提供服务 其设施人员在处理危险材料方面缺乏良好的培训/准备； (2)小工会居多 由受过教育、语言和识字能力不足的少数族裔工人组成，以及 (3) 来自小型或小型企业的急救人员 资源不足的城市，预算有限，无法充分参与培训计划 即使在除了差旅费之外不需要任何费用的情况下（即消防员、警察等）。 该联盟正在其地理区域内被视为一种资源。持续的资金投入将提供稳定的 确保核心财团人员可用于外展和协调骨干人员 节目交付。