Fathers' Time Spent with Sons and Daughters

父亲与儿子和女儿共度的时光

• 批准号: 9756436
• 负责人: NANCY K. LUKE
• 金额: $ 19.93万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-08-15 至 2021-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9756436
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Age; Asia; Attention; Attitude; Behavior; Belief; Brothers; Caregivers; Child; Child Care; Child Rearing; Data; Daughter; Development; Disadvantaged; Education; Extended Family; Family; Fathers; Fertility; Gatekeeping; Gender; Goals; Health; Housekeeping; Husband; India; Individual; International; Intervention; Investigation; Investments; Life; Link; Measures; Men' s Role; Mothers; Outcome; Parents; Personal Satisfaction; Research; Role; Sampling; Schools; Sex Bias; Sex Discrimination; Siblings; Societies; Son; Surveys; Testing; Time; Typology; Variant; Woman; Women' s Role; Work; boys; caregiving; community health study; diaries; father role; fatherhood; gender difference; gender disparity; girls; grandparent; health equity; insight; men; mortality; novel; parental involvement; policy implication; preference; social; stem; theories; time use

Project Summary Parents are instrumental in the development of their children, and growing research in the U.S. points to the pivotal role of fathers. Father involvement—including time spent with children—has positive impacts on child outcomes. Nevertheless, father involvement is not always equally distributed across sons and daughters. Research in the U.S. finds that fathers spend more time with sons and more time with all children if they have a son. Gender discrimination in fathers' time investments could be even larger in high son-preference settings across Asia, and have a greater impact on the relative well-being of girls and boys. Yet there is scant work on fathers' time investments in high son-preference settings, such as India. The first goal of this project is to conduct analyses using large-scale data from South India to document fathers' time investments in children overall, in sons versus daughters, and by gender composition of siblings in the family (Aim 1). The second goal is to understand what propels fathers' time bias against daughters. We focus on fathers' gender ideology, broadly defined as beliefs toward men's and women's roles in society. Men with egalitarian attitudes view their roles more equally to women's and, therefore, are expected to spend more time in childcare than those who espouse traditional attitudes. Gender theories are completely silent regarding the link between fathers' gender ideology and bias against daughters, however. We suggest that egalitarian fathers will treat sons and daughters more equally and therefore narrow the gender gap in fathers' time investments. Further, our approach recognizes that these relationships could be shaped by mothers' gender ideology. Many mothers in India and elsewhere, given their central responsibility for childrearing, act as gatekeepers who regulate fathers' involvement with children. Thus, mothers' attitudes could influence fathers to curb their time with children, or encourage them to increase their involvement, particularly with daughters. To measure gender ideology, we create a new, multi-dimensional typology using latent class analysis (Aim 2). Using this typology, we tease out which fathers invest more time with their children and display less bias against daughters (Aim 3). We also recognize that any investigation of father involvement with children is incomplete without attention to the larger family context, specifically the extended family in India, including children's grandparents. These individuals could serve as alternative caregivers to fathers and influence fathers' behavior toward sons and daughters. Therefore, accounting for their caregiving time and proximity are crucial. The analysis uses rich data on time use, gender ideologies, and caregiving from the South India Community Health Study (SICHS) in Tamil Nadu, where new roles for fathers coexist with patriarchal preferences for sons. The proposed research addresses a seemingly intractable challenge to health equity globally—gender bias in child investments. Findings regarding how and why fathers treat boys and girls unequally will have important implications for policies and interventions targeting persistent gender disparities in child inputs and outcomes worldwide.

项目概要 父母对孩子的发展起着重要作用，美国越来越多的研究表明 父亲的关键作用——包括与孩子相处的时间——对孩子有积极的影响。 然而，父亲的参与并不总是平等地分布在儿子和女儿身上。 美国的研究发现，如果父亲有孩子，他们会花更多时间陪伴儿子，甚至更多时间陪伴所有孩子。 在重男轻女的环境中，父亲时间投资中的性别歧视可能会更大。 整个亚洲，并对女孩和男孩的相对福祉产生更大的影响，但目前这方面的工作还很少。 在印度等重男轻女的环境中，父亲的时间投资是该项目的首要目标。 使用印度南部的大规模数据进行分析，记录父亲对孩子的时间投资 总体而言，按儿子与女儿以及家庭中兄弟姐妹的性别构成进行比较（目标 1）。 第二个目标是了解父亲对女儿的时间偏见的原因。 性别意识形态，广义上定义为对男性和女性在社会中的角色的信念。 态度认为自己的角色与女性更加平等，因此预计会花更多的时间在育儿上 与那些拥护传统态度的人相比，性别理论对两者之间的联系完全保持沉默。 然而，我们建议平等主义的父亲会对待女儿的性别意识形态和偏见。 儿子和女儿更加平等，从而缩小了父亲时间投资的性别差距。 我们的方法认识到这些关系可能是由母亲的性别意识形态塑造的。 在印度和其他地方，鉴于他们对抚养孩子的核心责任，他们充当监管者的角色 因此，母亲的态度可能会影响父亲减少与孩子相处的时间。 儿童，或鼓励他们增加参与，尤其是女儿的参与 衡量性别。 意识形态，我们使用潜在类别分析创建一个新的多维类型学（目标 2）。 我们找出哪些父亲在孩子身上投入了更多时间，并且对女儿表现出更少的偏见（目标 3）。 我们还认识到，如果不关注父亲与孩子的关系，任何对父亲参与儿童的调查都是不完整的。 更大的家庭背景，特别是印度的大家庭，包括孩子的祖父母。 个人可以作为父亲的替代照顾者并影响父亲对儿子的行为 因此，考虑到她们的照顾时间和距离是至关重要的。 关于时间使用、性别意识形态和护理的数据来自南印度社区健康研究 (SICHS) 泰米尔纳德邦，父亲的新角色与儿子的父权偏好并存。 解决了健康全球公平面临的一个看似棘手的挑战——儿童投资中的性别偏见。 关于父亲如何以及为何不平等地对待男孩和女孩的调查结果将对 针对全球儿童投入和成果方面持续存在的性别差异的政策和干预措施。