Evolutionary Dynamics of Recombining Sex Chromosomes

重组性染色体的进化动力学

• 批准号: 9338267
• 负责人: Mark Kirkpatrick
• 金额: $ 43.28万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-09-17 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9338267
• 关键词: Address; Age; Alleles; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological; Biological Models; Chromosomal Rearrangement; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosome inversion; Chromosomes; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3; Communities; Conflict (Psychology); Cytogenetics; Cytology; DNA Sequence; DNA analysis; Data; Disease; Disease susceptibility; Drosophila genus; Evolution; Female; Fishes; Gasterosteidae; Gene Expression; Gene Targeting; Genes; Genetic; Genetic Recombination; Genome; Genomics; Health; Human; Learning; Link; Mammals; Maps; Methods; Molds; Morphology; Outcome; Phenotype; Population; Process; Property; Research Project Grants; Risk; Role; Sex Chromosomes; Shapes; Statistical Methods; Structure; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Variant; Women' s Health; Work; X Chromosome; Y Chromosome; autosome; disorder risk; experience; genetic resource; genomic tools; innovation; insight; male; male health; novel; public health relevance; reproductive; sex; sexual role; theories; trait; virtual; whole genome

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant) Males and females differ profoundly at virtually all levels of biological organization, from morphology and behavior to gene expression and disease risk. A key force that molds these differences is sexually antagonistic selection, in which a gene that is beneficial in one sex is detrimental in the other. This type of selection is thought to drive the evolution of several features of the genome, and it has also been hypothesized to underlie sex-specific differences in disease susceptibility in humans. Despite its importance, we have little direct information about where sexually antagonistic selection acts in the genome or about its role in creating differences between the sexes. Sex chromosomes are the most promising context in which to study sexually antagonistic selection because they are predicted to be hotspots for the accumulation of genes experiencing this type of selection. Furthermore, sexually antagonistic selection is thought to be responsible for the evolution of the distinctive properties of sex chromosomes, such as a reduction in recombination between the X and the Y, and the subsequent degeneration of the Y. Much of the existing data from sex chromosomes, however, comes from systems with sex chromosomes that are highly degenerate and gene-poor, rendering the identification of genes experiencing sexually antagonistic selection difficult or impossible. Stickleback fishes are an emerging model system whose sex chromosomes still recombine and are gene-rich, making them ideally suited for studying sexually antagonistic selection. This research project will exploit those properties to learn how sexually antagonistic selection sculpts chromosomes, genes, and phenotypes. The three major aims will: (1) use genetic, cytogenetic, and genomic tools to reveal how recombination between the X and Y chromosomes becomes suppressed; (2) obtain whole genome sequences to study how the many differences between males and females alter the evolutionary trajectories of genes and chromosomes; and (3) use new statistical methods to identify the genetic and phenotypic targets of sexually antagonistic selection. The results from this project will be useful in context far beyond sex chromosomes in sticklebacks. It will generate technical innovations, such as new statistical methods for analyzing DNA variation that will be valuable for studies of chromosomal rearrangements on autosomes in diverse taxa. Furthermore, insights from this work will provide perspectives on the potential for selection to establish genes that are detrimental to health in al species, including humans.

 描述（由申请人提供） 从形态和行为到基因表达和疾病风险，在几乎所有级别的生物组织中，男性和女性在几乎所有级别的生物组织上都有不同的不同。塑造这些差异的关键力量是性拮抗选择，其中一种对一种性别有益的基因在另一种性别上是有害的。人们认为这种选择可以推动基因组的几个特征的演变，并且还被认为是人类疾病易感性的性别特异性差异的基础。尽管它很重要，但我们几乎没有关于性拮抗选择在基因组中的作用或在性别之间造成差异中的作用的直接信息。性染色体是研究性拮抗选择的最有希望的背景，因为预计它们是经历这种选择的基因积累的热点。此外，性拮抗选择被认为是导致性别染色体独特特性发展的原因困难或不可能。 Stickback Fishes是一种新兴模型系统，其性染色体仍然重组并且富含基因，非常适合研究性拮抗选择。该研究项目将利用这些特性来了解性拮抗选择如何雕刻染色体，基因和表型。这三个主要目的将：（1）使用遗传，细胞遗传学和基因组工具来揭示X和Y染色体之间如何抑制X和Y染色体之间的重组； （2）获得整个基因组序列，以研究男性和女性之间的许多差异如何改变基因和染色体的进化轨迹； （3）使用新的统计方法来识别性拮抗选择的遗传和表型靶标。该项目的结果将在远远超出性染色体的上下文中很有用。它将产生技术创新，例如用于分析DNA变异的新统计方法，该方法对于研究多种类群中常染色体的染色体重排有价值。此外，从这项工作中的见解将提供有关选择可能对Al物种（包括人类）健康有害的基因的潜力的观点。