Child and Family Development across the First Two+ Decades of Life

生命前两个十年的儿童和家庭发展

• 批准号: 9150080
• 负责人: MARC H BORNSTEIN
• 金额: $ 222.37万
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9150080
• 关键词: 4 year old; Accounting; Adaptive Behaviors; Address; Adolescence; Adoption; Adult; Affect; Age; Age-Months; Area; Argentina; Behavior; Behavioral; Belgium; Biological; Biology; Birth; Brazil; Cameroon; Capital; Cardiac; Caregivers; Caring; Categories; Censuses; Characteristics; Child; Child Development; Child Rearing; Child Support; Chile; China; Cognition; Colombia; Communities; Country; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Data; Development; Education; Electroencephalography; Emotional; Employment Status; England; Environment Design; Environmental Risk Factor; Exhibits; Exposure to; Eye; Family; Family Research; Fathers; France; Gender; Goals; Growth; Health; Hearing Impaired Persons; Home environment; Household; Household Products; Human; Human Development; Income; Infant; Instruction; Intelligence; Interview; Investigation; Israel; Italy; Japan; Joints; Jordan; Kenya; Laboratories; Learning; Life; Life Expectancy; Literature; Longitudinal Studies; Malignant Neoplasms; Maternal Age; Mediating; Medical; Mental Depression; Mothers; Nature; Neurosciences; Nursery Schools; Outcome; Parent-Child Relations; Parental Ages; Parenthood Status; Parents; Pattern; Pediatrics; Perception; Performance; Peru; Philippines; Physiological; Population Heterogeneity; Premature Birth; Problem behavior; Process; Provider; Psyche structure; Psychophysiology; Publishing; Records; Reporting; Research; Research Design; Resources; Risk; Sampling; Schools; Self Concept; Shapes; Site; Social Desirability; Social Development; Socialization; South Korea; Stimulus; Structure; Surveys; Sweden; Techniques; Testing; Thailand; Time; United States; Variant; Weight; Work; adopted child; base; behavior observation; boys; caregiver education; cognitive ability; coping; design; dyadic interaction; early childhood; experience; feeding; girls; improved; indexing; infancy; informant; novel; offspring; parity; patient home care; programs; prospective; psychologic; satisfaction; social; social skills; vocalization

The following presents examples of recently published reports from both areas of the lab's work. Program I: The Child, the Parent, and the Family Across the First 2+ Decades One study examined the development of adaptive generalization in infants object-directed actions. Infants from 9 to 12 months of age participated in an object manipulation task with stimulus objects from 2 categories that differed in shape and weight and that bore a consistent shape or weight correspondence. Weight differences between categories affected the actions required to handle the objects effectively. Infants manually explored objects from both categories and were tested for their use of different actions between categories and their generalization to novel exemplars within categories. Nine-month-olds provided no evidence of category differentiation and generalization; however, 12-month-olds adapted their actions selectively for objects in each category and generalized those actions to novel objects within categories. A second sample of 9-month-olds who were examined in a simplified task with just one object per weight level successfully adapted their actions by weight. The findings provide evidence for the development of selection and generalization in manipulative action across first year of life. We examined infant-mother and infant-caregiver emotional relationships, comparing three childcare arrangements: (1) mothers who provided full-time childcare at home; (2) mothers with in-home childcare; and (3) mothers with childcare provided in a non-familial caregivers home. Emotional relationships in infantmother dyads in the three groups were compared as were infant relationships with childcare providers. With respect to the quality of the infant-mother emotional relationship, dyads in all 3 groups scored within the adaptive range. However, dyads using in-home childcare arrangements displayed healthier emotional relationships than dyads experiencing fulltime maternal care. With respect to the quality of the infant-caregiver emotional relationship, no difference was found for the three types of childcare providers. Comparing the relationships of the same infant to mother and to caregiver, differences were found for in-home care but not for family childcare. Infants experiencing in-home childcare displayed healthier emotional relationships with their mothers than with their caregivers, but infantmother and infantcaregiver quality were comparable in family childcare families. Emotional relationships in infantmother and infantcaregiver dyads were not correlated, for all groups. Our data demonstrate that the emotional relationship a mother has with her infant is not adversely affected if she works outside the home and uses home-based childcare. The results underscore the need to differentiate among various kinds of nonfamilial childcare arrangements. A literature has developed indicating that adoption is a beneficial alternative for children who cannot be reared by their biological parents. Yet, adoption is associated with behavioral and learning difficulties for some children. Our goal was to assess whether mothers and children had developed a well-functioning relationship by preschool age. We examined the quality of interactions between mothers and their 4-year-old children in community samples of low-risk adoptive and birth families. Maternal sensitivity and support and child responsiveness and exploration were assessed during joint tasks. We also considered child gender, behavioral adjustment, self-concept, intelligence, and adaptive behavior and maternal parenting satisfaction and support. At age 4, although both groups of dyads scored in the adaptive range, adoptive mothers were less sensitive, more intrusive, and exhibited lower quality instruction; adopted children were more negative and less compliant; as a result, the quality of dyadic interaction in adoptive dyads was lower compared to nonadoptive dyads. Adoptive dyads with boys accounted for group differences. Further studies of children adopted under optimal circumstances should examine differences in parent-child relationships within the family to inform our understanding of longer-term outcomes in adopted children. Program II: Child Development and Parenting in Multicultural Perspective Caregiver education is known to relate to the physical growth of children, but possible mechanisms of this association are poorly characterized and lack empirical support. We tested whether instructional capital (caregiver education) leads to improved infant growth through availability of physical capital (household resources) across a number of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we explored relations among caregiver education, household resources, and infant growth in 117,881 families in 39 LMIC. Overall, household resources mediated 76% of the association between caregiver education and infant growth. When disaggregated by countries characterized by low, medium, and high levels of human development (indexed by average life expectancy, education and gross domestic product), household resources mediated 48% to 78% of the association between caregiver education and infant growth. Caregiver education had effects on infant growth through household resources in countries characterized by levels of human development; for both girls and boys; and controlling infant feeding and health. Mother-infant vocal interactions serve multiple functions in child development, but it remains unclear whether key features of these interactions are community-common or community-specific. We examined rates, interrelations, and contingencies of vocal interactions between 684 mothers and their 5-month-old infants in diverse communities in 11 countries Rates of mothers' and infants' vocalizations varied widely across communities and were uncorrelated. Collapsing the data across communities, we found that mothers' vocalizations to infants were contingent on the offset of the infants' nondistress vocalizing, that infants' vocalizations were contingent on the offset of their mothers' vocalizing, and that maternal and infant contingencies were significantly correlated. These findings point to the beginnings of dyadic conversational turn taking. Despite broad differences in the overall talkativeness of mothers and infants, maternal and infant contingent vocal responsiveness is found across communities, supporting the universality of essential functions of turn taking in early-childhood socialization. It is generally believed that parental rejection of children leads to child maladaptation. Yet, the specific effects of perceived parental acceptance-rejection on diverse domains of child adjustment and development have been incompletely documented, and whether these effects hold across diverse populations and for mothers and fathers are still open questions. This study assessed children's perceptions of mother and father acceptance-rejection in 1,247 families from China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand and the US as predictors of later internalizing and externalizing problems, school performance, prosocial behavior and social competence. Higher perceived parental rejection predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing problems and decreases in school performance and prosocial behavior across 3 years controlling for within-wave relations, stability across waves, and parental age, education, and social desirability bias. Patterns of relations were similar across mothers and fathers and, with a few exceptions, all nine countries. Children's perceptions of maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection have nearly universal effects on multiple aspects of child adjustment and development regardless of the family's country of origin

下面介绍了实验室两个工作领域最近发布的报告的示例。 项目一：前 2 个多世纪的儿童、父母和家庭 一项研究考察了婴儿面向对象的行动中适应性泛化的发展。 9 至 12 个月大的婴儿参与了一项物体操纵任务，刺激物体来自两类，这些物体的形状和重量不同，并且具有一致的形状或重量对应关系。类别之间的重量差异影响了有效处理物体所需的操作。婴儿手动探索两个类别的物体，并测试他们对类别之间不同动作的使用以及对类别内新范例的概括。九个月大的孩子没有提供类别分化和概括的证据；然而，12 个月大的孩子会针对每个类别中的物体有选择地调整自己的行为，并将这些行为推广到类别中的新物体。第二个样本是 9 个月大的孩子，他们接受了一项简化任务的检查，每个体重水平只使用一个物体，成功地根据体重调整了他们的行为。这些发现为生命第一年的操纵行为的选择和概括的发展提供了证据。 我们研究了婴儿与母亲以及婴儿与照顾者的情感关系，比较了三种托儿安排：（1）在家提供全职托儿服务的母亲； (2) 在家照顾孩子的母亲； (3) 在非家庭看护者之家提供儿童保育的母亲。 比较了三组婴儿母亲二人组的情感关系以及婴儿与托儿服务提供者的关系。就母婴情感关系的质量而言，所有三组的二人组得分都在适应范围内。 然而，使用家庭儿童保育安排的二人比经历全职母亲护理的二人表现出更健康的情感关系。 就婴儿与照顾者情感关系的质量而言，三种类型的托儿服务提供者没有发现差异。比较同一婴儿与母亲和照顾者的关系，发现家庭护理方面存在差异，但家庭儿童保育方面没有差异。 经历家庭育儿的婴儿与母亲的情感关系比与照顾者的情感关系更健康，但在家庭育儿家庭中，婴儿母亲和婴儿照顾者的质量相当。对于所有组来说，婴儿母亲和婴儿照顾者二人组的情感关系并不相关。 我们的数据表明，如果母亲外出工作并使用家庭托儿服务，她与婴儿的情感关系不会受到不利影响。结果强调需要区分各种非家庭儿童保育安排。 已有文献表明，对于无法由亲生父母抚养的儿童来说，收养是一种有益的选择。 然而，收养与一些孩子的行为和学习困难有关。我们的目标是评估母亲和孩子在学龄前是否已经建立了良好的关系。 我们在低风险收养家庭和亲生家庭的社区样本中检查了母亲与其 4 岁孩子之间互动的质量。在联合任务期间评估了母亲的敏感性和支持以及儿童的反应性和探索性。 我们还考虑了儿童性别、行为调整、自我概念、智力、适应行为以及母亲养育子女的满意度和支持。 4岁时，虽然两组的得分都在适应范围内，但养母的敏感度较低，侵入性更强，并且表现出较低质量的指导；被收养的孩子更加消极、不太顺从；因此，与非收养二人组相比，收养二人组中的二元互动质量较低。 收养男孩的二人组造成了群体差异。对最佳环境下收养儿童的进一步研究应该检查家庭内亲子关系的差异，以便我们了解收养儿童的长期结果。 项目二：多元文化视角下的儿童发展与育儿 众所周知，看护者教育与儿童的身体成长有关，但这种关联的可能机制尚不清楚，也缺乏实证支持。我们测试了许多低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC) 的教学资本（看护者教育）是否可以通过物质资本（家庭资源）的可用性来改善婴儿的生长。我们利用多指标聚类调查，探讨了 39 个中低收入国家 117,881 个家庭的看护者教育、家庭资源和婴儿生长之间的关系。总体而言，家庭资源在看护者教育与婴儿成长之间的关联中发挥着 76% 的中介作用。按人类发展水平低、中、高水平的国家（以平均预期寿命、教育和国内生产总值为指数）进行分类时，家庭资源在看护者教育与婴儿生长之间的关联中起着 48% 至 78% 的调节作用。在以人类发展水平为特征的国家，看护者教育通过家庭资源对婴儿成长产生影响；适合女孩和男孩；以及控制婴儿喂养和健康。 母婴声音互动在儿童发展中具有多种功能，但目前尚不清楚这些互动的关键特征是社区共有的还是社区特有的。我们研究了 11 个国家不同社区的 684 名母亲与其 5 个月大的婴儿之间的发声互动率、相互关系和偶然性。不同社区的母亲和婴儿的发声率差异很大，并且不相关。合并各个社区的数据，我们发现母亲对婴儿的发声取决于婴儿非遇险发声的抵消，婴儿的发声取决于母亲发声的抵消，并且母亲和婴儿的意外事件显着相关。这些发现表明二元对话轮流的开始。尽管母亲和婴儿的整体健谈能力存在巨大差异，但不同社区中母亲和婴儿的声音反应能力存在差异，这支持了幼儿社会化中轮流基本功能的普遍性。 人们普遍认为，父母拒绝孩子会导致孩子适应不良。然而，父母的接受-拒绝对儿童适应和发展的不同领域的具体影响尚未得到完整记录，这些影响是否适用于不同的人群以及母亲和父亲仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。这项研究评估了来自中国、哥伦比亚、意大利、约旦、肯尼亚、菲律宾、瑞典、泰国和美国 1,247 个家庭的儿童对母亲和父亲接受/拒绝的看法，作为日后内化和外化问题、学校表现、亲社会行为和社交能力。 在控制波内关系、跨波稳定性以及父母年龄、教育和社会期望偏差的情况下，较高的父母拒绝认知预示着内化和外化问题的增加以及三年内学校表现和亲社会行为的下降。除少数例外，所有九个国家的母亲和父亲之间的关系模式相似。儿童对母亲和父亲接受/拒绝的看法对儿童适应和发展的多个方面几乎具有普遍影响，无论家庭的原籍国如何