Child and Family Development across the First Two+ Decades of Life

生命前两个十年的儿童和家庭发展

• 批准号: 9150080
• 负责人: MARC H BORNSTEIN
• 金额: $ 222.37万
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9150080
• 关键词: 4 year old; Accounting; Adaptive Behaviors; Address; Adolescence; Adoption; Adult; Affect; Age; Age-Months; Area; Argentina; Behavior; Behavioral; Belgium; Biological; Biology; Birth; Brazil; Cameroon; Capital; Cardiac; Caregivers; Caring; Categories; Censuses; Characteristics; Child; Child Development; Child Rearing; Child Support; Chile; China; Cognition; Colombia; Communities; Country; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Data; Development; Education; Electroencephalography; Emotional; Employment Status; England; Environment Design; Environmental Risk Factor; Exhibits; Exposure to; Eye; Family; Family Research; Fathers; France; Gender; Goals; Growth; Health; Hearing Impaired Persons; Home environment; Household; Household Products; Human; Human Development; Income; Infant; Instruction; Intelligence; Interview; Investigation; Israel; Italy; Japan; Joints; Jordan; Kenya; Laboratories; Learning; Life; Life Expectancy; Literature; Longitudinal Studies; Malignant Neoplasms; Maternal Age; Mediating; Medical; Mental Depression; Mothers; Nature; Neurosciences; Nursery Schools; Outcome; Parent-Child Relations; Parental Ages; Parenthood Status; Parents; Pattern; Pediatrics; Perception; Performance; Peru; Philippines; Physiological; Population Heterogeneity; Premature Birth; Problem behavior; Process; Provider; Psyche structure; Psychophysiology; Publishing; Records; Reporting; Research; Research Design; Resources; Risk; Sampling; Schools; Self Concept; Shapes; Site; Social Desirability; Social Development; Socialization; South Korea; Stimulus; Structure; Surveys; Sweden; Techniques; Testing; Thailand; Time; United States; Variant; Weight; Work; adopted child; base; behavior observation; boys; caregiver education; cognitive ability; coping; design; dyadic interaction; early childhood; experience; feeding; girls; improved; indexing; infancy; informant; novel; offspring; parity; patient home care; programs; prospective; psychologic; satisfaction; social; social skills; vocalization

The following presents examples of recently published reports from both areas of the lab's work. Program I: The Child, the Parent, and the Family Across the First 2+ Decades One study examined the development of adaptive generalization in infants object-directed actions. Infants from 9 to 12 months of age participated in an object manipulation task with stimulus objects from 2 categories that differed in shape and weight and that bore a consistent shape or weight correspondence. Weight differences between categories affected the actions required to handle the objects effectively. Infants manually explored objects from both categories and were tested for their use of different actions between categories and their generalization to novel exemplars within categories. Nine-month-olds provided no evidence of category differentiation and generalization; however, 12-month-olds adapted their actions selectively for objects in each category and generalized those actions to novel objects within categories. A second sample of 9-month-olds who were examined in a simplified task with just one object per weight level successfully adapted their actions by weight. The findings provide evidence for the development of selection and generalization in manipulative action across first year of life. We examined infant-mother and infant-caregiver emotional relationships, comparing three childcare arrangements: (1) mothers who provided full-time childcare at home; (2) mothers with in-home childcare; and (3) mothers with childcare provided in a non-familial caregivers home. Emotional relationships in infantmother dyads in the three groups were compared as were infant relationships with childcare providers. With respect to the quality of the infant-mother emotional relationship, dyads in all 3 groups scored within the adaptive range. However, dyads using in-home childcare arrangements displayed healthier emotional relationships than dyads experiencing fulltime maternal care. With respect to the quality of the infant-caregiver emotional relationship, no difference was found for the three types of childcare providers. Comparing the relationships of the same infant to mother and to caregiver, differences were found for in-home care but not for family childcare. Infants experiencing in-home childcare displayed healthier emotional relationships with their mothers than with their caregivers, but infantmother and infantcaregiver quality were comparable in family childcare families. Emotional relationships in infantmother and infantcaregiver dyads were not correlated, for all groups. Our data demonstrate that the emotional relationship a mother has with her infant is not adversely affected if she works outside the home and uses home-based childcare. The results underscore the need to differentiate among various kinds of nonfamilial childcare arrangements. A literature has developed indicating that adoption is a beneficial alternative for children who cannot be reared by their biological parents. Yet, adoption is associated with behavioral and learning difficulties for some children. Our goal was to assess whether mothers and children had developed a well-functioning relationship by preschool age. We examined the quality of interactions between mothers and their 4-year-old children in community samples of low-risk adoptive and birth families. Maternal sensitivity and support and child responsiveness and exploration were assessed during joint tasks. We also considered child gender, behavioral adjustment, self-concept, intelligence, and adaptive behavior and maternal parenting satisfaction and support. At age 4, although both groups of dyads scored in the adaptive range, adoptive mothers were less sensitive, more intrusive, and exhibited lower quality instruction; adopted children were more negative and less compliant; as a result, the quality of dyadic interaction in adoptive dyads was lower compared to nonadoptive dyads. Adoptive dyads with boys accounted for group differences. Further studies of children adopted under optimal circumstances should examine differences in parent-child relationships within the family to inform our understanding of longer-term outcomes in adopted children. Program II: Child Development and Parenting in Multicultural Perspective Caregiver education is known to relate to the physical growth of children, but possible mechanisms of this association are poorly characterized and lack empirical support. We tested whether instructional capital (caregiver education) leads to improved infant growth through availability of physical capital (household resources) across a number of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we explored relations among caregiver education, household resources, and infant growth in 117,881 families in 39 LMIC. Overall, household resources mediated 76% of the association between caregiver education and infant growth. When disaggregated by countries characterized by low, medium, and high levels of human development (indexed by average life expectancy, education and gross domestic product), household resources mediated 48% to 78% of the association between caregiver education and infant growth. Caregiver education had effects on infant growth through household resources in countries characterized by levels of human development; for both girls and boys; and controlling infant feeding and health. Mother-infant vocal interactions serve multiple functions in child development, but it remains unclear whether key features of these interactions are community-common or community-specific. We examined rates, interrelations, and contingencies of vocal interactions between 684 mothers and their 5-month-old infants in diverse communities in 11 countries Rates of mothers' and infants' vocalizations varied widely across communities and were uncorrelated. Collapsing the data across communities, we found that mothers' vocalizations to infants were contingent on the offset of the infants' nondistress vocalizing, that infants' vocalizations were contingent on the offset of their mothers' vocalizing, and that maternal and infant contingencies were significantly correlated. These findings point to the beginnings of dyadic conversational turn taking. Despite broad differences in the overall talkativeness of mothers and infants, maternal and infant contingent vocal responsiveness is found across communities, supporting the universality of essential functions of turn taking in early-childhood socialization. It is generally believed that parental rejection of children leads to child maladaptation. Yet, the specific effects of perceived parental acceptance-rejection on diverse domains of child adjustment and development have been incompletely documented, and whether these effects hold across diverse populations and for mothers and fathers are still open questions. This study assessed children's perceptions of mother and father acceptance-rejection in 1,247 families from China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand and the US as predictors of later internalizing and externalizing problems, school performance, prosocial behavior and social competence. Higher perceived parental rejection predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing problems and decreases in school performance and prosocial behavior across 3 years controlling for within-wave relations, stability across waves, and parental age, education, and social desirability bias. Patterns of relations were similar across mothers and fathers and, with a few exceptions, all nine countries. Children's perceptions of maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection have nearly universal effects on multiple aspects of child adjustment and development regardless of the family's country of origin

以下介绍了来自实验室工作的两个领域最近发表的报告的例子。 计划I：孩子，父母和家人在前20多年 一项研究检查了婴儿对象指导作用的适应性概括的发展。从9到12个月大的婴儿参加了对象操纵任务，其刺激对象的形状和体重不同，并且具有一致的形状或重量对应关系。类别之间的重量差异影响了有效处理对象所需的操作。婴儿手动探索了这两个类别的对象，并因其在类别中的类别之间使用不同的作用而受到测试。九个月大的人没有提供分化和概括的证据。但是，12个月大的孩子选择性地适应了每个类别中对象的动作，并将这些动作推广到类别中的新颖对象。在简化的任务中对9个月大的第二个样本进行了检查，每个重量水平只有一个对象成功地通过重量调整了其动作。这些发现为在第一年的操纵行动中开发和概括的发展提供了证据。 我们检查了婴儿母亲和婴儿的情感关系，比较了三种育儿安排：（1）在家中提供全职育儿的母亲； （2）有家庭托儿的母亲； （3）在非家庭护理人员家中提供的有育儿母亲。 比较了三组婴儿二元组的情绪关系，以及婴儿与育儿提供者的关系。关于婴儿母亲情感关系的质量，所有三个小组的二元组都在自适应范围内得分。 但是，使用家庭托儿安排的二元组表现出比经历全职孕产妇护理的二元组更健康的情感关系。 关于婴儿照顾者的情感关系的质量，三种类型的托儿服务提供者没有发现差异。将同一婴儿与母亲和照料者的关系进行比较，在家庭护理中发现了差异，但没有在家庭育儿中。 经历了家庭托儿的婴儿与母亲的情感关系比与看护者更健康，但是在家庭育儿家庭中，婴儿和婴儿护理人员的质量是可比的。对于所有群体，婴儿和婴儿护理人员二合一的情绪关系均不相关。 我们的数据表明，如果母亲在家里工作并使用家庭托儿服务，母亲与婴儿的情感关系不会受到不利影响。结果强调了需要区分各种非家庭育儿安排的必要性。 文献已经开发出来，表明采用对不能由亲生父母抚养的孩子是一种有益的替代方法。 但是，采用与某些儿童的行为和学习困难有关。我们的目标是评估母亲和儿童是否通过学龄前儿童建立了功能良好的关系。 我们研究了母亲与他们4岁儿童之间在低风险收养和出生家庭的社区样本中的互动质量。在联合任务期间，评估了孕产妇的敏感性，支持以及儿童反应能力和探索。 我们还考虑了儿童性别，行为调整，自我概念，智力，适应性行为以及母性育儿满意度和支持。在4岁时，尽管两组二元组都在自适应范围内得分，但养母的敏感性较低，更具侵入性，并且表现出较低的质量指导。收养的孩子更负面，不合规；结果，与非辅助二元组相比，收养二元组中二元相互作用的质量较低。 与男孩的收养二元组有关群体差异。对在最佳情况下采用的儿童的进一步研究应检查家庭内亲子关系的差异，以告知我们对收养儿童长期结局的理解。 计划II：从多元文化角度来看儿童发展和育儿 众所周知，护理人员教育与儿童的身体成长有关，但这种关联的可能机制的特征很差，缺乏经验支持。我们测试了教学资本（护理人员教育）是否通过在许多低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC）的物质资本（家庭资源）（LMIC）中获得的物质资本（家庭资源）来改善婴儿的增长。使用多重指标群集调查，我们探讨了39个LMIC的117,881个家庭的看护人教育，家庭资源和婴儿增长之间的关系。总体而言，家庭资源介导了护理人员教育与婴儿成长之间的关联的76％。当由以低水平和高水平的人类发展（通过平均预期寿命，教育和国内生产总值为索引）的国家进行分解时，家庭资源介导了照顾者教育与婴儿增长之间关联的48％至78％。照顾者教育对以人类发展水平为特征的国家通过家庭资源对婴儿的增长产生了影响；对于男孩和男孩；并控制婴儿喂养和健康。 母亲的声音互动在儿童发展中发挥了多种功能，但尚不清楚这些互动的关键特征是社区 - 普遍还是社区特定的。我们研究了1184位母亲与其5个月大的婴儿之间在11个国家 /地区的5个月大的婴儿之间进行声音互动的比率，相互关系和意外事件，这在11个国家 /地区的母亲和婴儿的发声率在整个社区之间差异很大，并且不相关。跨越社区的数据崩溃了，我们发现母亲对婴儿的发声取决于婴儿的非言语发声，而婴儿的发声取决于母亲的发声，而母亲和婴儿的偶然性得到了显着纠正。这些发现指出了二元对话转弯的开始。尽管母亲和婴儿的整体说话性存在广泛的差异，但在社区中发现了母亲和婴儿的偶然声音反应，这支持了转弯赋予早熟社会化的基本功能的普遍性。 人们普遍认为，父母对儿童的拒绝会导致儿童不适。然而，未完全记录了感知的父母接受拒绝对儿童调整和发展的不同领域的具体影响，并且这些影响是否在各种人群中以及对母亲和父亲的效果是否存在。这项研究评估了来自中国，哥伦比亚，意大利，约旦，肯尼亚，菲律宾，瑞典，泰国和美国的1,247个家庭对父母接受拒绝的看法，作为后来内在化和外在化问题，学校表现，社会社会行为和社交能力的预测指标。 较高的父母的拒绝预测，在3年的内部化和外在化问题上的内在化和外在化问题的增加，并降低了对波浪内关系，波浪之间的稳定以及父母时代，教育和社会可取性偏见的控制。在母亲和父亲之间，关系模式相似，除了少数例外，所有九个国家。儿童对母亲和父亲接受拒绝的看法几乎对儿童调整和发展的多个方面几乎具有普遍的影响，而不论家庭的原籍国如何