The Effects of Attention in Human Visual Cortex

注意力对人类视觉皮层的影响

• 批准号: 8916733
• 负责人: GEOFFREY M BOYNTON
• 金额: $ 37.14万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-08-16 至 2019-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8916733
• 关键词: Address; Area; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Autistic Disorder; Behavioral; Books; Brain; Brain imaging; Clinical; Complex; Computer Simulation; Data; Decision Making; Discrimination; Disease; Dyslexia; Employee Strikes; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Goals; Health; Human; Image; Individual; Knowledge; Lateral Geniculate Body; Learning; Link; Literature; Location; Macaca; Measures; Modeling; Monkeys; Motion; Neurons; Performance; Physiological; Process; Psychophysics; Reading; Recording of previous events; Research; Role; Sensory Process; Series; Source; Stimulus; Telephone; Time; Uncertainty; Visual; Visual Cortex; Visual attention; Work; attentional modulation; attenuation; autism spectrum disorder; base; behavior measurement; behavioral study; cost; design; extrastriate visual cortex; feeding; insight; lexical; neuroimaging; neurophysiology; optical imaging; relating to nervous system; research study; response; selective attention

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Humans are excellent at selecting the relevant part of a cluttered visual scene or the relevant conversation at a noisy party. In contrast, humans are often not so successful at dividing attention over multiple stimuli. One cannot read two books at once and is it is not wise to talk on a phone and drive at the same time. Much has been learned about the effects of attention on physiological responses in the human and monkey visual cortex. However nearly all of this work has addressed selective attention, which is when attention is directed to one source of information over another. In general, studies of selective attention have shown that activity in many areas of the brain is greater for a stimulus that is relevant to the current task compared to a stimulus that is not relevant. Surprisingly, very littl is known about the effects of divided attention - paying attention to more than one thing on a time - on neuronal responses. This lack of a physiological literature is particularly surprising given the long history of research on the effects of divided attention on behavioral performance. Interestingly. these behavioral studies show a wide range of effects: for discrimination of simple features there can little cost to attended to multiple stimuli at a time, whereas for higher-level perceptual tasks such as reading words it may impossible to attend to more than one stimulus at a time. Here we propose a series of behavioral and imaging studies to examine the physiological basis of divided attention. We will (1) examine what factors in a task result in a cost when dividing attention. In particular we will examine whether it is the complexity of the stimulus or the task that is the critical factor for both a simple grating task (Specific Aim 1) an complex lexical task (Specific Aim 2). Second we will determine the cause of reduced neural responses and impaired behavioral performance when attentional capacity is limited. In particular, we will determine whether attentional limitations are due to attenuation of attentional gain, a shift to serial processing or suppressive interactions between stimuli. Finally we will examine the spatial profile of attentional modulations during divided attention: whether it is spread broadly across space and/or features or allocated discretely. This gap in the literature is of clinical importance. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD show differential divided attention effects: a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying divided attention is likely to prove critical in linking these behavioral differences to underlying neurophysiologica mechanisms.

描述（由申请人提供）：人类非常擅长选择杂乱视觉场景的相关部分或嘈杂聚会中的相关对话。相比之下，人类通常不太擅长将注意力分散到多种刺激上。一个人不能同时读两本书，同时打电话和开车也是不明智的。 关于注意力对人类和猴子视觉皮层生理反应的影响，人们已经了解了很多。然而，几乎所有这些工作都涉及选择性注意，即注意力集中在一个信息源而不是另一个信息源上。一般来说，选择性注意力的研究表明，与当前任务相关的刺激相比，与不相关的刺激相比，大脑许多区域的活动更大。 令人惊讶的是，人们对注意力分散（一次注意多件事）对神经元反应的影响知之甚少。鉴于以下情况，生理学文献的缺乏尤其令人惊讶 关于注意力分散对行为表现影响的研究历史悠久。有趣的是。这些行为研究显示了广泛的影响：对于简单特征的辨别，一次关注多种刺激的成本很小，而对于阅读单词等更高级别的感知任务，可能不可能一次关注多个刺激。一次。 在这里，我们提出了一系列行为和影像研究来检验注意力分散的生理基础。我们将（1）检查任务中的哪些因素会在分配注意力时产生成本。特别是，我们将检查刺激或任务的复杂性是否是简单光栅任务（具体目标 1）和复杂词汇任​​务（具体目标 2）的关键因素。其次，我们将确定当注意力能力有限时神经反应减少和行为表现受损的原因。特别是，我们将确定注意力限制是否是由于注意力衰减造成的 增益，转向串行处理或刺激之间的抑制相互作用。最后，我们将检查分散注意力期间注意力调制的空间概况：它是广泛分布在空间和/或特征上还是离散分配。 文献中的这一空白是 具有临床意义。患有自闭症谱系障碍和多动症的个体表现出不同的注意力分散效应：对注意力分散背后的机制的更深入理解可能对于将这些行为差异与潜在的神经生理学机制联系起来至关重要。