Age-associated cognitive changes in community dwelling adults

社区居住成年人与年龄相关的认知变化

基本信息

批准号：
8335782
负责人：
Alan B Zonderman
金额：
$ 86.51万
依托单位：
NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
至
项目状态：
未结题

项目摘要

In a community-dwelling sample (N = 4,790; age range 14-94), we examined whether personality traits prospectively predicted performance on a verbal fluency task. Open, extraverted, and emotionally stable participants had better verbal fluency. At the facet level, dispositionally happy and self-disciplined participants retrieved more words; those prone to anxiety and depression and those who were deliberative retrieved fewer words. Education moderated the association between conscientiousness and fluency such that participants with lower education performed better on the fluency task if they were also conscientious. Age was not a moderator at the domain level, indicating that the personality-fluency associations were consistent across the life span. A disposition toward emotional vulnerability and being less open, less happy, and undisciplined may be detrimental to cognitive performance. Personality traits contribute to health outcomes, in part through their association with major controllable risk factors, such as obesity. Body weight, in turn, reflects our behaviors and lifestyle and contributes to the way we perceive ourselves and others. In this study, the authors use data from a large (N = 1,988) longitudinal study that spanned more than 50 years to examine how personality traits are associated with multiple measures of adiposity and with fluctuations in body mass index (BMI). Using 14,531 anthropometric assessments, the authors modeled the trajectory of BMI across adulthood and tested whether personality predicted its rate of change. Measured concurrently, participants higher on Neuroticism or Extraversion or lower on Conscientiousness had higher BMI; these associations replicated across body fat, waist, and hip circumference. The strongest association was found for the impulsivity facet: Participants who scored in the top 10% of impulsivity weighed, on average, 11Kg more than those in the bottom 10%. Longitudinally, high Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness, and the facets of these traits related to difficulty with impulse control, were associated with weight fluctuations, measured as the variability in weight over time. Finally, low Agreeableness and impulsivity-related traits predicted a greater increase in BMI across the adult life span. BMI was mostly unrelated to change in personality traits. Personality traits are defined by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns that likely contribute to unhealthy weight and difficulties with weight management. Such associations may elucidate the role of personality traits in disease progression and may help to design more effective interventions.

在社区居住样本（N = 4,790；年龄范围 14-94）中，我们研究了人格特质是否能够前瞻性地预测言语流利性任务的表现。开放、外向和情绪稳定的参与者言语流畅度更高。在侧面层面上，性格快乐和自律的参与者检索到的单词更多；那些容易焦虑和抑郁的人以及那些深思熟虑的人检索到的单词较少。教育程度调节了尽责性和流利性之间的关联，因此，如果教育程度较低的参与者也尽责性，那么他们在流利性任务中表现更好。年龄并不是领域层面的调节因素，这表明人格流畅性关联在整个生命周期中是一致的。情绪脆弱、不开放、不快乐和不守纪律的倾向可能会损害认知表现。人格特质有助于健康结果，部分是通过其与肥胖等主要可控风险因素的关联。反过来，体重反映了我们的行为和生活方式，并影响我们感知自己和他人的方式。在这项研究中，作者使用了一项跨越 50 多年的大型纵向研究 (N = 1,988) 的数据来研究人格特质如何与多种肥胖指标和体重指数 (BMI) 波动相关。作者利用 14,531 项人体测量评估，对整个成年期的 BMI 轨迹进行了建模，并测试了性格是否可以预测其变化率。同时测量，神经质或外向性较高或尽责性较低的参与者的体重指数较高；这些关联在身体脂肪、腰围和臀围上都有体现。冲动性方面的关联性最强：冲动性得分排名前 10% 的参与者平均体重比排名后 10% 的参与者重 11 公斤。纵向来看，高神经质和低责任心，以及这些特征与冲动控制困难相关的方面，与体重波动相关，体重波动以体重随时间的变化来衡量。最后，低宜人性和冲动相关特征预示着成年后体重指数会出现更大的增长。 BMI 与人格特质的变化大多无关。人格特质是由认知、情感和行为模式定义的，这些模式可能导致不健康的体重和体重管理困难。这种关联可能阐明人格特质在疾病进展中的作用，并可能有助于设计更有效的干预措施。