A Mixed Methods EMA Assessment of Cognition and Behavior among New ENDS Users

新 ENDS 用户认知和行为的混合方法 EMA 评估

• 批准号: 8605695
• 负责人: Jennifer Lynn Pearson
• 金额: $ 25.06万
• 依托单位: TRUTH INITIATIVE FOUNDATION
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-09-30 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8605695
• 关键词: Adoption; Affect; Area; Attention; Behavior; Behavioral; Cellular Phone; Cigarette; Cigarette Smoker; Cognition; Cognitive; Complement; Data; Data Collection; Development; Devices; District of Columbia; Electronics; Enrollment; Environment; Evaluation; Expectancy; Familiarity; Future; Grant; Individual; Instruction; Interview; Laboratories; Laboratory Study; Life Experience; Location; Lung; Marketing; Menthol; Methods; Moods; Nature; Nicotine; Not Hispanic or Latino; Observational Study; Outcome; Participant; Pathway interactions; Pattern; Persons; Play; Prevalence; Process; Public Health; Publishing; Qualitative Methods; Race; Research; Research Methodology; Role; Sales; Sample Size; Sampling; Smoker; Smoking; Source; Stratification; Structure; Surveys; System; Telephone; Testing; Time; Tobacco; Tobacco Dependence; Tobacco use; base; case finding; cigarette smoking; craving; driving behavior; experience; follow-up; innovation; interest; male; preference; psychologic; public health relevance; smoking cessation; smoking restriction; social; social cognitive theory; systems research; tobacco advertising; tobacco control

DESCRIPTION: The universe of tobacco products is expanding, with new noncombustible products gaining popularity even as the reduction in prevalence of cigarette smoking slows or stalls. E-cigarettes, or Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), are the most prevalent of these emerging noncombustible products. With sales increasing rapidly and more efficient pulmonary delivery devices under development, ENDS are likely to play an increasing role in the future tobacco market. Little is known about the cognitions and behaviors leading to or sustaining ENDS use. Smokers may use ENDS to subvert smoking restrictions (i.e. a bridge "product"), to reduce perceived smoking harms, or for cessation, possibly delaying use of proven treatments. With respect to daily ENDS users, the majority of information is limited to retrospective surveys and convenience samples of White males. Our research suggests Black smokers are less likely than White smokers to try or to use ENDS, perhaps due to a greater degree of perceived harm associated with ENDS, a preference for menthol, or cultural norms. However, with the recent purchase of Blue(c) e-cigarettes by Lorillard Tobacco Company (maker of Newport cigarettes), differential adoption of ENDS by race may not continue as the company markets mentholated ENDS to Black smokers. Thus, it is timely and critical to study how all smokers, including Blacks and menthol smokers, experience and initiate ENDS using valid, innovative research methods. Our research represents a first step towards understanding the immediate environmental contexts and psychological correlates associated with ENDS initiation in menthol and non-menthol smokers interested in trying ENDS. Our observational study features three weeks of concurrent ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and in-depth interview data collection, followed by a 30-day follow-up telephone contact to assess cigarette and ENDS use. We will enroll 100 daily cigarette smokers from the Washington, D.C. metro area. Since 80% of Black smokers prefer menthol cigarettes, the sample will be stratified into four groups (n=25 per group) by menthol use and race (non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black), allowing us to disaggregate the influence of menthol preference from cultural norms/expectancies on ENDS initiation. Participants will use our preexisting EMA data collection system to collect data on tobacco use behaviors over the course of the three-week study. In Week 1, participants will collect baseline data on their usual smoking pattern. In Week 2, we will provide participants with a week's supply of ENDS and instructions to use the products at least three times daily. In Week 3, we will replenish participants' ENDS supply and encourage participants to use the products as they see fit. Participants will also take part in a semi-structured in-depth interview at the end of each week. Week 1 interviews will focus on a process evaluation of the EMA data collection experience, while the Week 2 and 3 interviews will focus on how ENDS-associated cognitions, expectancies and norms evolve with ENDS use and increasing familiarity with the product. Qualitative data from the interviews will complement the quantitative EMA data to examine the interplay between environment, cognitions, and behaviors driving ENDS initiation based on Social Cognitive Theory. Within-person aims will examine the longitudinal relationship between environmental context (e.g., location, presence of others), psychological state (e.g., mood), and tobacco dependence (e.g., craving) on an individual's ENDS use. Exploratory secondary aims include a between- person examination of the effects of race and menthol preference on ENDS initiation and will allow for exploration of interaction effects between the stratification variables by comparing our formative between-person EMA findings with between-case findings from in-depth interviews. This exploratory R21 will contribute to the emerging field of ENDS research by identifying potential mechanisms promoting ENDS initiation and predicting ENDS patterns of use, including whether ENDS displace or are used concurrently with cigarettes, or are used as aids to reduce harm or quit smoking. This study will be the first to examine ENDS use among Black and menthol smokers, two subpopulations of interest to the Center for Tobacco Products and tobacco control in general. The research will support a future R01 grant submission to more closely examine the causal pathways and long term behavioral outcomes following ENDS initiation.

描述：烟草产品的宇宙正在扩大，即使新的不可思议的产品也在流行，因为吸烟速度或摊位的患病率降低。电子烟或电子尼古丁递送系统（末端）是这些新兴的不可抗性产品中最普遍的。随着正在开发的销售迅速增长，更有效的肺部递送设备，目的可能会在未来的烟草市场中发挥越来越多的作用。关于导致或维持目的使用的认知和行为知之甚少。吸烟者可能会使用末端来颠覆吸烟限制（即桥梁“产品”），以减少感知的吸烟危害或停止，可能会延迟使用良好的治疗方法。关于每日用户，大多数信息仅限于回顾性调查和白人男性的便利样本。我们的研究表明，黑人吸烟者比白人吸烟者尝试或使用目的的可能性较小，这可能是由于与目的相关的危害，偏爱薄荷醇或文化规范的可能性更大。但是，随着Lorillard烟草公司（Newport香烟制造商）最近购买的蓝色（C）电子烟，随着公司的市场销售对黑人吸烟者的最终目的，划分的差异可能不会持续下去。因此，研究所有吸烟者（包括黑人和薄荷醇吸烟者）如何使用有效的创新研究方法来启动目的是及时和至关重要的。我们的研究代表了了解与薄荷醇和非巨星吸烟者的目的起始相关的直接环境环境和心理相关的第一步。我们的观察性研究以三周的同时生态瞬时评估（EMA）和深入的访谈数据收集为特色，然后进行30天的后续电话联系，以评估香烟并结束使用。我们将注册来自华盛顿特区都会区的每日吸烟者。由于80％的黑人吸烟者更喜欢薄荷香烟，因此该样品将通过使用和种族（非西班牙裔白色和非西班牙裔黑色）分为四组（每组n = 25），从而使我们可以分解薄荷酚偏好从文化规范/期望的影响。参与者将使用我们先前存在的EMA数据收集系统来收集有关为期三周研究的烟草使用行为的数据。在第1周，参与者将收集有关其通常吸烟方式的基线数据。在第2周，我们将为参与者提供一周的目的和指示，每天至少三次使用产品。在第3周，我们将补充参与者的结束供应，并鼓励参与者使用他们认为合适的产品。参与者还将在每周结束时参加半结构化的深入面试。第1周的访谈将重点介绍对EMA数据收集经验的过程评估，而第2和3周的访谈将重点介绍与最终相关的认知，期望和规范如何随着目的的使用以及对产品的熟悉程度的增长而发展。来自访谈的定性数据将补充定量EMA数据，以检查基于社会认知理论的环境，认知和行为驱动末端启动之间的相互作用。人身内的目标将研究环境环境（例如，位置，其他人的存在），心理状态（例如情绪）和烟草依赖（例如渴望）对个人目的的使用之间的纵向关系。探索性的次要目的包括对种族和薄荷酚对目的启动的影响的人之间的检查，并通过将我们形成的人之间的EMA发现与深入访谈中的案例研究结果进行比较，从而探索分层变量之间的相互作用效果。这种探索性R21将通过确定促进目的启动和预测最终使用模式的潜在机制，包括末端是位移还是与香烟同时使用，或用作减少危害或戒烟的辅助工具，从而为最终研究的新兴领域做出贡献。这项研究将是第一个研究黑人和薄荷醇吸烟者之间最终使用的研究，这是烟草产品中心和烟草控制中心感兴趣的两个亚群。该研究将支持未来的R01赠款提交，以更仔细地检查启动后的因果途径和长期行为结果。