Revisiting Challenged Findings to Determine Social and Cognitive Abilities

重新审视有争议的发现以确定社交和认知能力

• 批准号: 8283172
• 负责人: JULIE J NEIWORTH
• 金额: $ 34.42万
• 依托单位: CARLETON COLLEGE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-07-15 至 2016-10-14
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8283172
• 关键词: Accidents; Address; Animal Model; Animals; Area; Attention; Awareness; Behavior; Brain; Breeding; Cebidae; Cognition; Cognitive; Complex; Confusion; Cooperative Behavior; Discrimination; Eating; Evolution; Exhibits; Food; Gestures; Goals; Gossypium; Human; Intention; Investigation; Judgment; Knowledge; Language; Language Development; Life; Location; Measures; Methods; Mind; Modeling; Monkeys; Music; Pan Genus; Pattern; Persons; Phylogenetic Analysis; Pongidae; Primates; Procedures; Process; Public Health; Publishing; Reliance; Research; Research Misconduct; Rewards; Saguinus; Scientific Misconduct; Scientist; Social Environment; Source; Stimulus; Structure; Testing; Thinking; Trademark; Universities; Wood material; Work; abstracting; base; falls; knowledge base; nonhuman primate; novel; research study; response; retracted publication; social; sound; tool; Accidents; Address; Animal Model; Animals; Area; Attention; Awareness; Behavior; Brain; Breeding; Cebidae; Cognition; Cognitive; Complex; Confusion; Cooperative Behavior; Discrimination; Eating; Evolution; Exhibits; Food; Gestures; Goals; Gossypium; Human; Intention; Investigation; Judgment; Knowledge; Language; Language Development; Life; Location; Measures; Methods; Mind; Modeling; Monkeys; Music; Pan Genus; Pattern; Persons; Phylogenetic Analysis; Pongidae; Primates; Procedures; Process; Public Health; Publishing; Reliance; Research; Research Misconduct; Rewards; Saguinus; Scientific Misconduct; Scientist; Social Environment; Source; Stimulus; Structure; Testing; Thinking; Trademark; Universities; Wood material; Work; abstracting; base; falls; knowledge base; nonhuman primate; novel; research study; response; retracted publication; social; sound; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The broad objective of this proposal is to test in a nonhuman primate model two aspects of cognition considered a trademark of human-unique thinking: sensitivity to phoneme sequences for parsing language, and judgments of intentionality from actions. Tamarins are selected as the species of choice due to their unique reliance on cooperative breeding, their demonstrated social tolerance, their sensitivities to communicative sounds and music, and their spontaneous use of social abilities. Recent scrutiny generated by a retracted publication and a Harvard investigation judgment of research misconduct specifically related to published studies of tamarins in these areas by Marc Hauser's lab makes it imperative to retest such abilities in an independent lab. This research determines whether a species of a New World monkey, one which split from a common evolutionary lineage with humans 40 million years ago, can discriminate sequence changes used in human language parsing and can think about the intentions and goals of others based on their actions and on inferring what they "know." Research using monkeys as a model to test human-like cognition reveals the brain processes necessary to generate abstract thinking, both in language learning and social awareness. The tests of phoneme sequence discrimination are accomplished by a habituation procedure using 3-phoneme sequences that fit an AAB pattern or an ABB pattern. Violations of the pattern and introduction of novel phonemes in previously habituated sequences are test items and dishabituation is measured through look rates toward the sound and through inhibited eating due to increased attention. These tests are also extended to music and to monkey calls to examine generalization of the sequence sensitivity. Intentionality is tested in two experiments, one involving a choice response following an experimenter's pointing gesture and one involving copying the response of a model in order to get rewards. The first experiment manipulates the knowledge base of the experimenter to test whether tamarins consider whether the person pointing actually knows the location of the hidden food or should not know. The second experiment uses a variety of models, including tamarins, humans, and ghosts (or responses made by invisible wires) in order to test whether tamarins copy more accurately with a live agent when its intentions can be inferred. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The relevance of this project to public health is that it examines two trademark human cognitive abilities, abstract language sensitivities and inference of intention and goal, in a simpler animal model. If one can determine definitively these types of human-like thinking in a primate remotely related to humans, having branched off of common evolutionary lineage 40 million years ago, the brain structures and thinking processes needed to support language and inferential thought in a social context are revealed. The project also completes the scientific process by re-examining important questions related to primate cognition and the evolution of the human mind that have fallen under scrutiny.

描述（由申请人提供）：该提案的广泛目标是在非人类灵长类动物模型中测试认知的两个方面，这是人类唯一思维的商标：对解析语言的音素序列的敏感性，以及对行动的意图判断。塔玛林因其对合作育种的独特依赖，表现出的社会宽容，对交流声音和音乐的敏感以及对社会能力的自发使用，因此被选为首选物种。最近，由Marc Hauser的实验室在这些地区对塔玛蛋白专门研究的研究不当行为进行的撤回出版物和哈佛研究不当行为的判断进行了最近的审查，因此必须在独立实验室中重新测试此类能力。这项研究确定了一种新世界猴子的物种，该物种是否从4000万年前与人类的共同进化血统分开，可以区分人类语言解析中使用的序列变化，并且可以根据他人的行为并推断他们“知道的东西”来思考他人的意图和目标。以猴子为模型来测试类似人类认知的模型的研究揭示了在语言学习和社会意识中产生抽象思维所必需的大脑过程。音素序列歧视的测试是通过使用符合AAB模式或ABB模式的3个音量序列来完成的。在先前习惯的序列中，违反了新音素的模式和引入是测试项目，并且通过朝向声音的外观和由于注意力增加而受到抑制饮食来衡量。这些测试也扩展到音乐和猴子调用以检查序列灵敏度的概括。在两个实验中测试了意图， 一个涉及在实验者的指向手势之后进行选择响应的一种，而涉及复制模型的响应以获得奖励。第一个实验操纵了实验者的知识基础，以测试他是否要考虑指向的人是否真的知道隐藏食品的位置还是不应该知道。第二个实验使用了各种模型，包括塔玛蛋白，人类和幽灵（或无形线的响应），以便在可以推断出其意图时测试塔玛素是否更准确地用实时代理复制。 公共卫生相关性：该项目与公共卫生的相关性是，它在更简单的动物模型中研究了两个商标人类的认知能力，抽象的语言敏感性以及对意图和目标的推断。如果人们可以在与人类遥远的灵长类动物中确定这些类型的人类思维，而在4000万年前就脱离了共同的进化血统，那么在社会环境中支持语言和推理思想所需的大脑结构和思维过程。该项目还通过重新审查与灵长类动物认知和人类思想的演变有关的重要问题来完成科学过程。