Timing, reward processing and choice

时间安排、奖励处理和选择

基本信息

批准号：
7992181
负责人：
Kimberly Kirkpatrick
金额：
$ 24.49万
依托单位：
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2010-05-20 至 2015-03-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7992181
关键词：
Address Affect Alcohol dependence Animals Area Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Behavior Choice Behavior Clinical Development Diet Disease Drug Addiction Drug usage Environment Exhibits Foundations Future Gambling Health Human Impulsivity Individual Individual Differences Intervention Lead Lesion Life Style Link Methods Nature Nucleus Accumbens Outcome Pathway interactions Personal Satisfaction Personality Disorders Pharmaceutical Preparations Play Process Rattus Relative (related person)Research Rewards Risk Risk-Taking Role Schedule Screening procedure Self-control as a personality trait Source Structure System Techniques Therapeutic Therapeutic Intervention Time Time Perception Variant addiction base career design discount discounting drug addict endophenotype experience improved neurotoxic public health relevance reinforcer research study reward processing theories therapeutic target

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Outcomes that are delayed tend to be less valuable than more immediate outcomes because waiting is associated with risk; this phenomenon is known as temporal discounting. However, there are occasions where waiting can be worthwhile, especially when the delayed outcome is much more valuable than the immediate outcome. People and animals are frequently confronted with choices between outcomes that may differ in delay and amount. There are a number of individual difference variables that are associated with differences in discounting rates including Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AHDH), drug addiction, and gambling. Impulsive individuals are less able to wait for outcomes and thus show a bias to choose shorter-delayed options even when those outcomes are much less profitable. As a result, impulsivity increases the risk of poor lifestyle choices (e.g., poor diet, gambling, drug taking) and inept money management. The present proposal seeks to advance the understanding of temporal discounting and impulsive choice by implementing screening methods to identify the source of impulsive choice. This research is driven by the observation that there are two distinct pathways to impulsivity, one through deficits in reward processing and one through deficits in temporal processing. Initial studies will develop methods for screening individuals for impulsive tendencies and identifying the key deficits associated with impulsivity in the timing and/or reward processing systems. An additional set of studies will develop targeted therapeutic interventions to redress deficits in timing and/or reward processing. Such treatments could be applied to individuals exhibiting disorders such as ADHD, and with normal individuals with a tendency towards impulsive choice to reduce the risk of the pursuit of poor lifestyle choices such as drug use/abuse, gambling, etc. A final set of studies will examine the mechanisms that underlie the effect of reward processing on choice by pinpointing the nature of the deficits in reward processing associated with neurotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core, which has been identified as the primary candidate structure for the computation of reward value in temporal discounting. Determining the exact nature of the reward processing deficits associated with nucleus accumbens lesions will promote the further development of targeted therapeutic techniques for use with ADHD and other disorders that undermine self-control. The combined set of studies will significantly advance our understanding of factors that promote self- control vs. impulsive choice in temporal discounting tasks and provide a significant foundation for the development of specific therapeutic techniques designed to target the key systems involved in the computation of reward value in impulsive choice situations. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project aims to implement screening methods for identifying the underlying source of individual differences in impulsive choice behavior, to develop targeted therapeutic techniques for improving deficits in reward processing and temporal processing, and to further understand the role of the nucleus accumbens core in the computation of reward value in impulsive choice situations. The results are potentially significant for understanding and treating disorders which result in increased impulsivity such as ADHD and impulsive personality disorder as well as pinpointing factors that affect choice in normal individuals. In addition, differences in temporal discounting have been clearly linked to drug addiction and gambling and unravelling the underlying source of these links has the potential to better understand and rectify those factors that lead to the formation and persistence of addictive tendencies.

描述（由申请人提供）：延迟的结果往往不如立即的结果有价值，因为等待与风险相关；这种现象称为时间贴现。然而，在某些情况下，等待是值得的，特别是当延迟的结果比立即的结果更有价值时。人和动物经常面临在延迟和数量上可能不同的结果之间的选择。有许多个体差异变量与贴现率的差异相关，包括注意力缺陷/多动症 (AHDH)、毒瘾和赌博。冲动的人不太能够等待结果，因此会倾向于选择延迟时间较短的选项，即使这些结果的利润要低得多。因此，冲动会增加不良生活方式选择（例如不良饮食、赌博、吸毒）和无能资金管理的风险。本提案旨在通过实施筛选方法来识别冲动选择的来源，从而增进对时间贴现和冲动选择的理解。这项研究的出发点是观察到冲动有两种不同的途径，一种是通过奖励处理的缺陷，另一种是通过时间处理的缺陷。初步研究将开发一些方法来筛选个体的冲动倾向，并识别与计时和/或奖励处理系统中的冲动相关的关键缺陷。另外一组研究将开发有针对性的治疗干预措施，以纠正时间和/或奖励处理方面的缺陷。此类治疗可适用于患有注意力缺陷多动症（ADHD）等疾病的个体，以及有冲动选择倾向的正常个体，以减少追求不良生活方式选择（如吸毒/滥用、赌博等）的风险。最后一组研究将通过查明与伏隔核核心的神经毒性损伤相关的奖励处理缺陷的性质来检查奖励处理对选择的影响的机制，该缺陷已被确定为计算时间奖励值的主要候选结构打折。确定与伏隔核病变相关的奖赏处理缺陷的确切性质将促进用于治疗多动症和其他破坏自我控制的疾病的靶向治疗技术的进一步发展。综合研究将显着促进我们对时间贴现任务中促进自我控制与冲动选择的因素的理解，并为开发特定治疗技术提供重要基础，该技术旨在针对参与奖励值计算的关键系统在冲动选择的情况下。公共健康相关性：该项目旨在实施筛查方法来识别冲动选择行为个体差异的根本原因，开发有针对性的治疗技术来改善奖励处理和时间处理的缺陷，并进一步了解伏隔核核心的作用在冲动选择情况下计算奖励值。这些结果对于理解和治疗导致冲动增加的疾病（例如多动症和冲动型人格障碍）以及查明影响正常个体选择的因素具有潜在的重要意义。此外，时间贴现的差异与毒瘾和赌博有着明显的联系，揭开这些联系的根本根源有可能更好地理解和纠正那些导致成瘾倾向形成和持续的因素。