Ethical Arguments against Selective Reproduction: a philosophical analysis

反对选择性繁殖的伦理论证：哲学分析

• 批准号: AH/D500478/1
• 负责人: Stephen Wilkinson
• 金额: $ 3.27万
• 依托单位: Keele University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2006 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FD500478%2F1
• 关键词: Ethical; Arguments; against; Selective; Reproduction

In recent years, there has been a great deal of public debate about the creation of so-called 'designer babies'. This tabloid expression is in many respects unsatisfactory. It does however provide useful and widely recognised shorthand for certain ways of creating children using new reproductive technologies. This project is about the ethics of creating 'designer babies', less pejoratively known as selective reproduction. It is carried out by a philosopher. He starts by systematically analysing the meaning of key concepts or terms used in debates about selective reproduction. For example, he looks at concerns about the welfare of the child, about eugenics, and about interfering with nature. He then proceeds to explain and test the validity of moral arguments that people use in debates about selective reproduction. Many of the practical issues that he looks at are topical, especially given that the government is presently reviewing the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, the main piece of legislation governing this area.Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is one of the main technologies investigated by the project. This involves testing early embryos produced through in vitro fertilization (IVF). One cell is extracted from the embryo and analysed. Embryos free of conditions that cause serious disease are then implanted in a woman's womb and allowed to develop. PGD thus allows couples at risk of passing on a serious genetic disease to have a child that is genetically related to them but does not carry genes for the disease. PGD can however be used for other purposes and one of the major issues addressed by this project is which of these purposes are legitimate.Here are some specific examples of the practical questions that will be addressed.[1] In 2002 an American lesbian couple attracted media criticism by deliberately having a deaf baby using a sperm donor. QUESTION- Should people with disabilities be permitted to use reproductive technologies to ensure that they have a child with the same disability?[2] A number of couples have hit the headlines in recent times because of their desire to choose the sex of their child. One of the most emotively and widely reported of these was the case of Alan and Louise Masterton. They had four sons and one daughter, Nicole, who tragically died in a bonfire accident. The Mastertons wanted to use PGD to select a second daughter. Their request was turned down by HFEA (the regulatory body governing licensing in this area) whose rules only permit sex selection in order to avoid sex-linked genetic disorders such as hemophiliac, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. QUESTION - Should couples be allowed to choose the sex of their child and, if so, should this be restricted to cases (like the Mastertons) in which they want to 'balance' their families?[3] By using HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) typing, more popularly known as 'tissue typing', in conjunction with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), doctors are now able to pick an embryo for implantation which, if all goes well, will become a 'saviour sibling', a brother or sister capable of donating life-saving tissue to an existing child. In the UK, the most recent case to reach the courts and the newspapers is that of the Hashmis. Their son, Zain, has beta-thalassemia, a blood disorder which could be cured using the umbilical cord tissue of a sibling, but only if the sibling is a tissue match. QUESTION- Should doctors and parents be permitted to create 'saviour siblings' to save the life of an existing child?

近年来，关于创建所谓的“设计师婴儿”的大量公开辩论。在许多方面，这种小报表达不令人满意。但是，它确实为使用新的生殖技术创造儿童的某些方式提供了有用的速记。该项目是关于创建“设计师婴儿”的道德规范，贬义不称为选择性繁殖。它是由哲学家执行的。他首先系统地分析有关选择性复制的辩论中使用的关键概念或术语的含义。例如，他研究了对孩子的福利，关于优生学和干扰自然的担忧。然后，他继续解释和测试人们在选择性繁殖的辩论中使用的道德论点的有效性。他所看的许多实际问题都是话题，尤其是考虑到政府目前正在审查人类的施肥和胚胎学法案，这是负责该领域的主要立法。PrantantationGenetic Diagnission（PGD）是该项目调查的主要技术之一。这涉及测试通过体外受精（IVF）产生的早期胚胎。从胚胎中提取一个细胞并进行分析。然后将没有引起严重疾病的疾病的胚胎植入女性的子宫并允许发育。因此，PGD允许患有严重遗传疾病的夫妻有一个与遗传学相关但没有疾病基因的孩子。但是，PGD可以用于其他目的，该项目解决的主要问题之一是这些目的是合法的。在这里，有一些具体的实例示例将解决这些实践问题。[1] 2002年，一对美国女同性恋夫妇故意用精子供体的聋哑婴儿吸引了媒体批评。问题 - 是否应允许残疾人使用生殖技术来确保他们有一个相同残疾的孩子？[2]由于他们渴望选择孩子的性别，许多夫妇最近曾在头条新闻中遇到头条新闻。艾伦（Alan）和路易斯·马斯特顿（Louise Masterton）是其中最激动人心和广泛报道的其中之一。他们有四个儿子和一个女儿妮可（Nicole），他们在一次篝火中悲惨地死亡。 Mastertons希望使用PGD选择第二个女儿。他们的要求被HFEA（该领域的监管机构管理许可）拒绝了，其规则仅允许性选择，以避免与性别联系的遗传疾病，例如血友病，肌肉营养不良和囊性纤维化。 QUESTION - Should couples be allowed to choose the sex of their child and, if so, should this be restricted to cases (like the Mastertons) in which they want to 'balance' their families?[3] By using HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) typing, more popularly known as 'tissue typing', in conjunction with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), doctors are now able to pick an embryo for implantation which, if一切顺利，将成为一个“救世主兄弟姐妹”，一个兄弟姐妹，能够向现有孩子捐赠救生组织。在英国，到达法院和报纸的最新案件是哈希米斯。他们的儿子Zain患有β地中海贫血，是一种血液疾病，可以使用兄弟姐妹的脐带组织治愈，但前提是兄弟姐妹是组织匹配。问题 - 是否应该允许医生和父母创建“救世主兄弟姐妹”以挽救现有孩子的生命？