Counting in, counting out: a history of census-making in Shanghai, 1840s-1949,

计入、计出：上海人口普查的历史，1840 年代至 1949 年，

• 批准号: 2713365
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Edinburgh
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2713365
• 关键词: Counting; counting; out; history; census

Between the mid-1850s and early-1940s, two foreign "settlements" (extraterritorial jurisdictional enclaves) occupied the north of Shanghai: the Anglo-American dominated International Settlement and the French Concession. Over the period, large amounts of local Chinese chose to migrate to and reside in both settlements, withstanding institutional discrimination held against them. In turn, their choices shaped socioeconomic realities. This study investigates what institutional and economic factors motivated the choices of these migrants. Discrimination could have been outweighed by pulling factors including protection and stability, modern legal frameworks and judicial practices, better infrastructure and living standards, and brighter economic opportunities. Specifically, migrants preferred the International Settlement, even though its institutional framework was more discriminatory de jure. This could be because the International Settlement offered better economic opportunities, or its other institutional characteristics were more attractive. Methodologically, I document and analyse population data to show "what happened" and utilise these data and other qualitative sources to explain "why". While economic historians of the period lack regional GDP data, and urban historians often do not fully utilise the statistical potential of their sources, I use census data as "foot-voting" evidence that contains revealed preferences to assess the countervailing impacts of legal discrimination and economic opportunities in the Shanghai settlements. From 1865, both settlements regularly drew up censuses, usually in every five years, extending to early 1940s. The foreign governing bodies of the settlements published detailed results in their annual reports, which are now available at the Shanghai Municipal Archives. With a long-time horizon and detailed breakdowns by gender, age, occupation, and places of origin, this dataset enables macro-level quantitative analysis. Further, to investigate why certain institutions might be better for specific social groups, other primary sources account for population flows of local intermediaries, foreign residents, and specifically, underworld organisations and refugees that are underrepresented in censuses. This study aims to enrich the literature on Chinese domestic migration during the "century of humiliation", add to historians' economic understanding of the Shanghai foreign settlements, and further investigate how particularised institutions influence economic growth and personal welfare. It also contributes to the broader scholarship on the influence European empires had on the development of its peripheries by looking at the active role played by local agents. Finally, as migration remain a contested issue, this project will unlock insights for policymakers on the reform of contemporary global refugee regimes.

1850年代中期至1940年代初期，两个外国“租界”（治外法权飞地）占领了上海北部：英美主导的公共租界和法租界。在此期间，大量当地华人不顾制度性歧视，选择迁徙并居住在这两个定居点。反过来，他们的选择塑造了社会经济现实。 本研究调查了哪些制度和经济因素促使这些移民做出选择。保护和稳定、现代法律框架和司法实践、更好的基础设施和生活水平以及更光明的经济机会等拉动因素本可以压倒歧视。具体而言，移民更喜欢国际租界，尽管其制度框架在法律上更具歧视性。这可能是因为公共租界提供了更好的经济机会，或者其其他制度特征更具吸引力。 从方法上讲，我记录和分析人口数据以显示“发生了什么”，并利用这些数据和其他定性来源来解释“原因”。虽然这一时期的经济历史学家缺乏地区 GDP 数据，城市历史学家往往没有充分利用其来源的统计潜力，但我使用人口普查数据作为“脚投票”证据，其中包含所揭示的偏好，以评估法律歧视和法律歧视的抵消影响。上海定居点的经济机会。从 1865 年起，两个定居点定期进行人口普查，通常每五年一次，一直持续到 1940 年代初。定居点的外国管理机构在其年度报告中公布了详细的结果，该报告现已可在上海市档案馆查阅。该数据集时间跨度长，按性别、年龄、职业、籍贯进行详细细分，可进行宏观定量分析。此外，为了调查为什么某些机构可能更适合特定的社会群体，其他主要来源考虑了当地中介机构、外国居民，特别是在人口普查中代表性不足的黑社会组织和难民的人口流动。 本研究旨在丰富“百年屈辱”期间中国国内移民的文献，增加历史学家对上海租界的经济理解，并进一步探讨特殊制度如何影响经济增长和个人福利。通过考察当地代理人所发挥的积极作用，它还有助于更广泛地研究欧洲帝国对其周边地区发展的影响。最后，由于移民仍然是一个有争议的问题，该项目将为政策制定者提供有关当代全球难民制度改革的见解。