Working Memory & Categorization in ID

工作记忆

• 批准号: 6901890
• 负责人: KRISTA M WILKINSON
• 金额: $ 7.23万
• 依托单位: UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS MED SCH WORCESTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-06-07 至 2007-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6901890
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; children; clinical research; human subject; language disorders; learning; mental retardation; patient oriented research; problem solving; prognosis; short term memory

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This application seeks to advance the study of the relation between working memory and categorization in individuals with and without intellectual disability (ID). Working memory and categorization are two fundamental intellectual processes crucial for an individual's ability to effectively process and organize his or her environment. Working memory is a limited capacity memory system that keeps relevant information activated while performing a cognitive task. Categorization is the process whereby an individual groups exemplars or events based on perceived common properties and in turn, exemplars of that category are treated equivalently. The availability of working memory resources influences which categorization strategies can be used. More working memory resources are required for rule-based categorization than similarity or exemplar-based categorization. Individuals with ID have limitations in working memory functioning, yet within the memory system there are relative strengths and weaknesses. Whether working memory strengths and weaknesses influence the use of different categorization strategies has never been systematically studied in individuals with ID. Findings from the few cases that have applied current models of categorization to individuals with ID are conflicting. The consequence of not being able to use appropriate categorization strategies has significant implications; individuals would make incorrect inferences regarding a novel object and therefore make inappropriate generalizations. Further, categorization skills are essential for proficiency at many higher order cognitive skills such as language, communication, problem-solving, and reasoning. The specific aims of this application are to 1) determine if working memory functioning predicts the use of specific categorization strategies in individuals with and with ID, and (2) assess whether different learning conditions that place different demands on working memory resources affect the use of categorization strategies. Phonological, visuo-spatial, and central executive measures of working memory will be administered. Artificial categories of different animals and toys will be taught to participants. Stimuli will be designed to allow for evaluation of the type of strategies used by individuals with and without ID during categorization. To create appropriate interventions, it is important to determine whether different learning conditions result in more effective strategy use by individuals with ID. Therefore, the conditions under which participants learn the categories will be manipulated - a passive (observe) and active (classify) - prior to a categorization task.

描述（申请人提供）：本申请旨在推进患有和没有智力障碍的人（ID）个人工作记忆与分类之间的关系的研究。 工作记忆和分类是两个基本的智力过程，对于个人有效地处理和组织环境的能力至关重要。 工作记忆是一个有限的容量内存系统，在执行认知任务时会使相关信息保持激活。 分类是基于感知到的共同属性的单个组示例或事件的过程，然后将该类别的示例等效地处理。 工作记忆资源的可用性会影响可以使用哪些分类策略。 基于规则的分类需要更多的工作记忆资源，而不是基于相似性或基于示例性的分类。 具有ID的个体在工作记忆功能方面有局限性，但是在内存系统中，有相对的优势和劣势。 工作记忆优势和劣势是否会影响使用ID的个体中的不同分类策略的使用。 从少数情况下，将当前分类模型应用于具有ID的个体的发现是矛盾的。 无法使用适当的分类策略的后果具有重大影响；个人会对新物体做出错误的推论，从而做出不当的概括。 此外，分类技能对于在许多高阶认知能力（例如语言，沟通，解决问题和推理）等许多高阶认知能力上的水平至关重要。 本应用程序的具体目的是1）确定工作记忆功能是否预测具有ID和ID的个体中特定的分类策略的使用，以及（2）评估对工作记忆资源的不同需求是否影响分类策略的使用是否影响使用不同的学习条件。 语音，视觉空间和中央执行措施的工作记忆将进行。 将教会参与者的不同动物和玩具的人造类别。 刺激将旨在评估分类过程中具有和没有ID的个人使用的策略的类型。 为了创建适当的干预措施，确定不同的学习条件是否导致具有ID的个人使用更有效的策略，这一点很重要。 因此，在进行分类任务之前，参与者学习类别的条件将被操纵 - 被动（观察）和主动（分类）。