Competition Model of Attention and Memory

注意力和记忆力的竞争模型

• 批准号: 6895217
• 负责人: MARY C POTTER
• 金额: $ 25.57万
• 依托单位: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1992
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1992-08-01 至 2007-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6895217
• 关键词: attention; behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; comprehension; computer simulation; human subject; memory; model design /development; neural information processing; time resolved data; visual perception; visual stimulus; young adult human (21-34)

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overall aim of the proposed research is to address theoretical questions about how people perceive, comprehend, and remember words and pictures. The research focuses on the early stages of processing in conditions of overload--when stimuli appear in a rapid sequence or when two targets are in close temporal proximity or both. Overload conditions can tell us how people allocate their attention and how they consolidate memory of a stimulus. In the experiments two words or pictures are presented close in time and therefore compete for limited processing resources. Potter, Staub, & O'Connor (2002) reported a surprising shift in attention between two words presented at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) varying between 13 and 213 ms (the words appeared in adjacent streams of stimuli). At very short SOAs the second word was more likely to be reported, whereas at an SOA of 213 ms the reverse was the case, and the second word was often missed (an attentional blink). A two-stage competition theory is proposed: In Stage 1 detection of a possible target draws attentional resources, but attention is labile. If a second potential target is detected very soon after the first the two targets compete for resources. When one of the targets is identified as a particular word that word enters Stage 2 for consolidation in short-term memory. Stage 2 is serial: while one target is being processed, the other must wait in Stage 1 and may be forgotten. The 15 proposed experiments will test specific predictions of this model and will extend it to new domains. A computational version of this model will be developed. The long-term goal of the proposed research is to extend conclusions from this work to perception of the environment in normal viewing conditions, in order to answer important practical as well as theoretical questions about visual attention.

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议研究的总体目标是解决有关人们如何感知、理解和记住单词和图片的理论问题。该研究的重点是超负荷条件下的早期处理阶段——当刺激以快速序列出现或当两个目标在时间上非常接近或两者兼而有之时。超负荷条件可以告诉我们人们如何分配注意力以及如何巩固对刺激的记忆。在实验中，两个单词或图片的呈现时间很接近，因此会争夺有限的处理资源。 Potter、Staub 和 O'Connor (2002) 报道了在 13 到 213 毫秒之间变化的刺激开始异步 (SOA) 时出现的两个单词之间的注意力发生了令人惊讶的转变（这些单词出现在相邻的刺激流中）。在非常短的 SOA 下，更有可能报告第二个单词，而在 213 毫秒的 SOA 下，情况恰恰相反，并且经常会错过第二个单词（注意力眨眼）。提出了两阶段竞争理论：在第一阶段，检测可能的目标会吸引注意力资源，但注意力是不稳定的。如果在第一个潜在目标之后很快检测到第二个潜在目标，则两个目标会争夺资源。当目标之一被识别为特定单词时，该单词进入第二阶段以在短期记忆中进行巩固。第 2 阶段是串行的：当一个目标正在处理时，另一个目标必须在第 1 阶段等待，并且可能会被遗忘。拟议的 15 个实验将测试该模型的具体预测，并将其扩展到新的领域。将开发该模型的计算版本。拟议研究的长期目标是将这项工作的结论扩展到正常观看条件下的环境感知，以回答有关视觉注意力的重要实践和理论问题。