Characterising the sources and drivers of environmental resistomes over UK landscapes and assessing mitigation under different hydrological regimes

描述英国景观环境抵抗力的来源和驱动因素，并评估不同水文状况下的缓解措施

• 批准号: 2274762
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Newcastle University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2274762
• 关键词: Characterising; sources; drivers; environmental; resistomes

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) refers to microbes that become resistant to antibiotics and is becoming a global problem. According to a recent review on AMR, infections that are resistant to treatment are projected to result in 10 million deaths, as well as a financial burden of ~US$100 trillion (O'Neill, 2014). This is related to the wide and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG)s. For example, the New Delhi meta- -lactamase-1 protein (coded blaNDM-1) which makes bacteria resistant to a range of beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, was first discovered in 2008 in India and has since been recovered from soils in the High Arctic (McCann et al., 2019). Despite there being some level of intrinsic resistance, high abundance of resistance are attributed to anthropogenic sources. Due to pollution in populated areas, the sources of AMR are often difficult to distinguish, but the main sources include wastewater treatment plants and agriculture, which both contribute to pollution in rivers and surrounding landscapes. High river flow rates from storm events have resulted in an increase in the abundance of resistance genes, potentially due to diffuse pollution (Garner et al., 2017). With climate change causing more heatwaves and rainfall events falling outside normal seasonal patterns in the UK, it is currently unclear how this will influence the dissemination of ARB and ARGs in a landscape. Therefore understanding the contribution of sources under different hydrological conditions is important. This PhD project investigates the contribution of sources that result in the spread of AMR in the UK under different hydrological regimes, aiming to understand the complexity of AMR across UK landscapes. The Environment Agency has selected river catchments in the UK for further study that have different levels of human and waste exposure and are reflective of high and low levels of pollution. These are the Eden in Cumbria and the Coquet in Northumberland. Understanding these catchments will require sampling campaigns of soil and water under contrasting high and low flow regimes. Analysis of the collected samples will include quantifying a large number of ARGs and bacteria using High throughput qPCR. One of the more novel aspects of this project is the use of SourceTracker as a programme to associate downstream sinks with their sources. This will be used to estimate the impact of various interventions under high and low flow regimes, providing useful information for policy makers, such as the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Ultimately, this project will answer the question as to which interventions are most useful to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance, through a detailed characterisation of AMR across UK landscapes. Garner, E. et al. (2017) 'Stormwater loadings of antibiotic resistance genes in an urban stream', Water Research. Elsevier Ltd, 123, pp. 144-152. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.046.McCann, C. M. et al. (2019) 'Understanding drivers of antibiotic resistance genes in High Arctic soil ecosystems', Environment International. Elsevier, 125(November 2018), pp. 497-504. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.034.O'Neill, J. (2014) 'Review on AMR', Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations. Wellcome Trust.

抗菌耐药性（AMR）是指对抗生素具有抗药性并正在成为全球问题的微生物。根据最近对AMR的评论，预计对治疗的感染预计将导致1000万人死亡，以及约100万亿美元的经济负担（O'Neill，2014年）。这与抗生素耐药细菌（ARB）和抗生素耐药性基因（ARG）s的广泛和快速扩散有关。例如，新德里元元 - 乳糖酶-1蛋白（编码的BLANDM-1），该蛋白使细菌耐于一系列β-内酰胺抗生素（如青霉素），于2008年在印度首次发现，此后已从土壤中回收高北极（McCann等，2019）。尽管存在一定程度的固有抗性，但高丰富的耐药性归因于人为来源。由于人口稠密地区的污染，AMR的来源通常很难区分，但是主要来源包括废水处理厂和农业，这既导致河流和周围景观的污染。暴风雨事件的高河流流量导致抗药性基因的丰度增加，这可能是由于弥漫性污染引起的（Garner等，2017）。由于气候变化导致更多的热浪和降雨事件落在英国正常的季节性模式之外，目前尚不清楚这将如何影响ARB和ARG在景观中的传播。因此，了解不同水文条件下源的贡献很重要。该博士项目调查了导致AMR在不同水文制度下在英国传播的来源的贡献，旨在了解英国景观中AMR的复杂性。环境局选择了英国的​​河流集水区进行进一步研究，这些研究具有不同的人类和废物暴露水平，并且反映了污染的高水平和低水平。这些是坎布里亚郡的伊甸园和诺森伯兰郡的coquet。了解这些集水区将需要在高流量和低流量状态下进行土壤和水的采样活动。对收集样品的分析将包括使用高吞吐量QPCR来量化大量ARG和细菌。该项目更新颖的方面之一是使用SourceTracker作为将下游下游与它们的来源联系起来的程序。这将用于估计高流量和低流量制度下各种干预措施的影响，为政策制定者（例如环境，食品和农村事务部（DEFRA））提供有用的信息。最终，该项目将通过详细的AMR在英国景观中的详细表征来回答哪些干预措施最有用的干预措施对限制抗生素耐药性的传播最有用。 Garner，E。等。 （2017）“城市流中抗生素抗性基因的雨水负荷”，水研究。 Elsevier Ltd，123，第144-152页。 doi：10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.046.McCann，C。M。等。 （2019年）“了解高北极土壤生态系统中抗生素抗性基因的驱动因素”，《环境国际环境》。 Elsevier，125（2018年11月），第497-504页。 doi：10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.034.o'neill，J。（2014年）“ AMR的评论”，抗菌抗性：解决针对健康和国家的危机。惠康信托。