Exploring the Toxicity of Secondary Organic Aerosol formed from Atmospheric Oxidation of Pesticides

探讨农药大气氧化形成的二次有机气溶胶的毒性

• 批准号: NE/X010198/1
• 负责人: Gordon McFiggans
• 金额: $ 10.06万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FX010198%2F1
• 关键词: Exploring; Toxicity; Secondary; Organic; Aerosol; Exploring; Toxicity; Secondary; Organic; Aerosol

Global usage of pesticides (all agents that target pests and including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and bactericides) was estimated at 4.1 million tonnes of active ingredient in 2015 and is expected to increase by 25% by 2025. Pesticides mainly enter the atmosphere during the spraying application followed by gas-to-particle partitioning, volatisation from surfaces and wind drifting processes. Their atmospheric fate is largely dependent on their physicochemical properties such as their reactivity towards atmospheric oxidants, their vapour pressure dictating their partitioning to particles as well as their potentially significant photolysis rates. Over the past decade, a number of laboratory and field studies have shown that the reaction of current-use pesticides with atmospheric oxidants (such as the hydroxyl radical, OH and ozone, O3) can yield to significant amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass. The SOA produced from the oxidation of pesticides can yield products that are potentially more persistent and/or more toxic and can additionally contribute to tropospheric O3 production. Such an increase in the toxicity of the by-products of UV treatment of certain pesticides in water samples has been shown, effected by the UV generation of OH. Similarly, SOA formation from the atmospheric oxidation of pesticides may also increase the toxicity burden. The atmospheric oxidation of organic compounds from biogenic sources have recently found to increase to toxicity burden due to the reactions with OH and O3, and it is reasonable to expect that the SOA formed from the oxidation of the pesticides could affect human and animal health.We propose to combine cutting-edge, atmospheric simulation chamber (the Manchester Aerosol Chamber, MAC), oxidation flow reactor (OFR) chemistry and cell biology approaches to explore the SOA formation and toxicity from the photo-oxidation of current-use pesticides (i.e. in the presence of OH and O3). The MAC and OFR can provide a controlled environment under atmospherically-relevant environmental conditions that can be used to simulate the atmospheric oxidation of pesticides. Pesticides will be introduced into MAC and OFR by spraying, a process similar to that used in the crops. Subsequently, the lights of the chambers will be switched on, initiating the photochemistry and oxidant production, leading to SOA formation. MAC light sources provide similar actinic flux spectrum to that of the real atmosphere, yet with lower intensity thus resulting to low SOA mass formed. OFR's extensive UV light sources can generate high concentrations of oxidants, yielding high levels of SOA mass that is necessary for the subsequent toxicological assays. State-of-the-science mass spectrometry techniques will be used to benchmark the SOA composition generated from the OFR against those from the MAC, as well as to monitor the physical and chemical properties of the generated SOA. This will further enable the research team to explore their key-properties providing information about their atmospheric lifetimes and fate. The OFR SOA will be sampled in simulated extracellular fluid (SEF) by impingment and aliquots of the samples will be used to assess their cardiac toxicity using a combination of cell lines and intact hearts approaches to evaluate key aspects of cardiac function and markers of dysfunction. Our proposed series of interdisciplinary experiments in our unique facilities will explore our capability to provide information essential to understanding the atmospheric fate, properties and toxicity of SOA generated from the current-use pesticides. Such information is essential in informing policy makers, pesticide manufacturers and users in the development of adequate guidelines and sustainable products. Involvement of project partner Ian Mudway will provide a pathway through to Government via UKHSA through his work on pesticides with the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit.

估计2015年的全球农药（所有靶向杀虫剂，除草剂，除草剂，杀菌剂和杀菌剂）的使用估计为410万吨活性成分，预计到2025年。到2025年，杀虫剂在喷涂过程中主要进入大气层，然后在天然气之间进行隔离和windate pratition witchation和wind profate profate prowate and proditate and witchate and witch prodate prowancate and witch pratifate and procation and procation and pratition wind。他们的大气命运在很大程度上取决于其物理化学特性，例如它们对大气氧化剂的反应性，它们的蒸气压决定了它们对颗粒的分配以及潜在的显着光解速率。在过去的十年中，许多实验室和现场研究表明，当前使用的农药与大气氧化剂（例如羟基自由基，OH和臭氧，O3）的反应可以产生大量的二次有机气（SOA）质量。农药的氧化产生的SOA可以产生潜在的持续性和/或更多毒性的产品，并且可以进一步有助于对流层O3的产生。已经显示了紫外线产生OH的紫外线治疗某些农药的紫外线治疗的副产品的毒性增加。同样，农药大气氧化的SOA形成也可能增加毒性负担。由于与OH和O3的反应，最近发现来自生物源的有机化合物的大气氧化增加了毒性负担，并且有理由期望由农药的氧化而形成的SOA会影响人类和动物的健康。探索从当前使用农药的光氧化中探索SOA的形成和毒性（即在OH和O3存在的情况下）。 MAC和OFR可以在与大气相关的环境条件下提供受控的环境，该环境可用于模拟农药的大气氧化。农药将通过喷涂将农药引入MAC和OFR中，这一过程类似于农作物中使用的过程。随后，将打开腔室的灯光，启动光化学和氧化剂产生，从而导致SOA形成。 MAC光源提供了与真实气氛相似的活化通量光谱，但强度较低，因此形成了低SOA质量。 OFR广泛的紫外线源可以产生高浓度的氧化剂，从而产生高水平的SOA质量，这是随后的毒理学测定所必需的。科学的质谱技术将用于基准从OFR对MAC产生的SOA组合物，并监测产生的SOA的物理和化学性质。这将进一步使研究团队探索他们的主要核心，从而提供有关其大气生命和命运的信息。通过撞击和样品的等分试样，将在模拟的细胞外流体（SEF）中取样OFR SOA，以使用细胞系和完整的心脏方法的组合来评估其心脏毒性，以评估心脏功能和功能障碍标记的关键方面。我们在独特的设施中提出的一系列跨学科实验将探讨我们为了解从当前使用农药产生的SOA的大气命运，特性和毒性所必需的信息。此类信息对于向政策制定者，农药制造商和用户提供了足够的准则和可持续产品的开发至关重要。项目合作伙伴Ian Mudway的参与将通过他在NIHR健康保护研究部门在农药上通过UKHSA为政府提供一条途径。