Coupling Regional and Urban processes: Effects on Air Quality

区域和城市过程的耦合：对空气质量的影响

基本信息

批准号：
NE/M002381/1
负责人：
Dwayne Heard
金额：
$ 28.75万
依托单位：
University of Leeds
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FM002381%2F1
关键词：
Coupling Regional Urban processes Effects

项目摘要

Air pollution is the environmental factor with the greatest impact on human health in Europe. Despite substantial emission controls, the complexities of the processes linking emissions and air quality, means that substantial proportions - 80% and 97%, respectively, of the population in Europe lives in cities with levels of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) exceeding EU limit and target values. The two pollutants are estimated to contribute 350,000 and 200,000 premature deaths across Europe. NERC's strategy document states: "In the UK, air pollution costs the economy £15 billion every year in damage to human health, not including the cost of damage to our environment and crops." Understanding the key processes driving air quality across the relevant spatial scales, especially during pollution exceedances and episodes, is essential to provide effective prediction for both policymakers and the public. It is particularly important for policy regulators to understand the drivers of local air quality that can be regulated by national policies versus the contribution from regional pollution transported from mainland Europe or elsewhere. Urban areas are of particular concern since as well as being receptors of regional pollution, they have high local emissions from heating and road transport associated with their high population densities. They are also subject to an urban heat island effect which can impact on the chemistry of air pollution. Our overall aim is to use state-of-the-art modelling and measurements to quantify and reduce uncertainties in the key regional and local processes that control poor air quality in urban areas, both for present-day and in the future.This proposal will develop a novel model framework using a nested suite of models to bridge scales from regional to urban for simulating atmospheric composition and weather including urban heat island effects across the UK and over London. The proposal will further exploit state-of-the-art NERC measurements from recent ClearfLo and REPARTEE field campaigns in London bringing together modelling and measurements experts to determine controlling factors of high O3 and PM events. A detailed box model of the chemical environment based on these field measurements will be constructed, and used to calculate in situ chemical production of O3 during both average and episodic conditions. The coupled regional to urban model will be evaluated against these box model and field campaign results as well as extensive network measurements. Multiple approaches will be used to probe the regional and local contributions to O3 during high O3 events. The key processes driving PM episodes will also be determined using speciated field measurements and coupled model results. The role of nitrous acid on O3 and PM oxidation chemistry in urban areas is a key uncertainty that will be quantified. Air pollution events in the UK are usually associated with stagnation events, which in summer may be coincident with heatwaves. During heatwaves weather conditions may alter emission and deposition processes. The relative importance of these processes, such as reduced O3 deposition, that lead to elevated pollution levels will be established. To investigate the impact of future emissions and climate change on urban air quality, high-resolution climate-chemistry simulations that consistently account for changes in chemistry and transport from the regional to city scale will be performed and future impacts on air quality extremes evaluated. Proof of concept studies with the coupled model framework and with high-resolution climate projections demonstrate the viability of the intended research. This proposal comprises a strong collaboration between modelling and measurement scientists spanning the disciplines of fundamental chemistry, atmospheric composition, and climate change, to advance our understanding of the processes driving regional to urban-scale air quality now and in the future.

空气污染是对欧洲人类健康影响最大的环境因素，尽管有严格的排放控制，但排放和空气质量之间的复杂过程意味着相当大的比例（分别为 80% 和 97%）的欧洲人口。生活在颗粒物 (PM) 和臭氧 (O3) 水平超过欧盟限值和目标值的城市中的人们估计，这两种污染物将导致全欧洲 35 万人和 20 万人过早死亡。 NERC 的战略文件指出：“在英国，空气污染每年给人类健康造成 150 亿英镑的经济损失，这还不包括对我们的环境和农作物造成的损害。了解影响相关空间空气质量的关键过程。”规模，特别是在污染超标和事件期间，对于为政策制定者和公众提供有效的预测至关重要。对于政策监管者来说，了解可以由国家政策监管的当地空气质量的驱动因素与区域污染的贡献之间的关系尤为重要。来自欧洲大陆或其他城市的运输。这些地区尤其值得关注，因为这些地区不仅是区域污染的接收者，而且由于人口密度高，当地供暖和道路运输排放量也很高，而且还受到城市热岛效应的影响，从而影响空气的化学成分。我们的总体目标是利用最先进的建模和测量来量化和减少控制当前和未来城市地区不良空气质量的关键区域和地方过程的不确定性。提案将使用嵌套套件开发一个新颖的模型框架该提案将进一步利用最近在伦敦进行的 ClearfLo 和 REPARTEE 实地活动中最先进的 NERC 测量结果。将建模和测量专家聚集在一起，确定高 O3 和 PM 事件的控制因素，将构建基于这些现场测量的详细化学环境盒模型，并用于计算平均和偶发条件下的原位化学产生量。 .耦合区域将根据这些盒子模型和现场活动结果以及广泛的网络测量来评估城市模型，以探讨高 O3 事件期间对 O3 的区域和地方贡献。还将确定驱动 PM 事件的关键过程。使用特定的现场测量和耦合模型结果，亚硝酸对城市地区 O3 和 PM 氧化化学的作用是一个将被量化的关键不确定性。英国的空气污染事件通常与停滞事件有关，而在夏季，停滞事件可能会发生。与在热浪期间，天气条件可能会改变这些过程的相对重要性，例如导致污染水平升高的氧气沉积，从而确定未来排放和气候变化对城市空气质量的影响。将持续进行高分辨率气候化学模拟，以解释从区域到城市规模的化学和交通变化，并利用耦合模型框架和高分辨率气候预测评估未来对空气质量极端情况的影响。证明的可行性该提案包括基础化学、大气成分和气候变化等学科的建模和测量科学家之间的强有力合作，以增进我们对现在和未来推动区域到城市规模空气质量的过程的理解。