The UK Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (UK-OSNAP)

英国在次极地北大西洋计划中的颠覆（UK-OSNAP）

基本信息

批准号：
NE/K010875/1
负责人：
Sheldon Bacon
金额：
$ 278.81万
依托单位：
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK010875%2F1
关键词：
UK Overturning Subpolar North Atlantic

项目摘要

UK-OSNAP: SummaryWhat is climate? The sun's energy is constantly heating the Earth in equatorial regions, while in the Arctic and Antarctic the Earth is frozen and constantly losing heat. Ocean currents and atmospheric weather together move heat from the equator towards the poles to keep the Earth's regional temperatures in balance. So climate is simply the heat moved by ocean currents and by the weather. Earth's climate is warming: the average temperature of the Earth is rising at a rate of about 0.75 degrees Centigrade per hundred years, caused by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere trapping heat that is normally lost to space. Can we forecast how climate might change in the future?There is an old adage that rings true: "Climate is what you expect; weather is what you get". Hot weather in one summer does not tell us that climate is changing because the weather is so variable day-to-day and even year-to-year. We need to average over all the weather for a long time to decide if the climate is changing. We would like to know if the climate is changing before our descendants face the consequences, and that is where our project comes in. The ultimate ambition of climate scientists is nothing less than forecasting climate up to 10 years in advance.Is this possible? After all we know weather forecasts become somewhat unreliable after three to five days. The answer is yes because of the ocean. Slow and deep currents give the ocean a memory from years to hundreds of years, and the ocean passes this memory onto the climate. If we know the condition of the ocean now, then we have a good chance of understanding how this will affect the climate in years to come.We have set ourselves a huge task, but will be helped by colleagues in the US, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Denmark and Scotland. We will continuously measure the ocean circulation from Canada to Greenland to Scotland (the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean). This has never been attempted before. We have chosen the North Atlantic because the circulation here is important for the whole of Earth's climate. This is because in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic, and the Arctic Ocean that it connects to, the ocean can efficiently imprint its memory on the atmosphere by releasing the huge amounts of heat stored in it. In the UK we are on the same latitude as Canada and Siberia, and the Shetland Islands are further north than the southern tips of Greenland and Alaska, but the Atlantic Ocean circulation keeps the UK 5-10 degrees Centigrade warmer than those other countries.We can measure across an entire ocean by deploying reliable, self-recording instruments. We will use moorings (wires anchored to the seabed and supported in the water by air-filled glass spheres) to hold the instruments in the important locations. Every year from 2014 to 2018 we will use ships to recover the moorings and the data, then put the instruments back in the water. We will also use exciting new technology. Autonomous underwater Seagliders will fly from the surface to 1 km depth on year long-missions surveying the ocean, from Scotland to 2000 km westward into the Atlantic. The Seagliders transmit their data to our lab every day via satellite, and the pilot can fly the glider remotely. Also there is a global fleet of 3000 drifting floats to continuously measure the top 1 km of the ocean. Satellites provide important measurements of the ocean surface. With these new measurements, we will find how the heat carried by the ocean changes through the months and years of the project, and we will use complex computer models to help explain what we find.

英国osnap：总结是什么气候？太阳的能量在赤道区域不断加热地球，而在北极和南极中，地球被冷冻并不断流失。洋流和大气天气一起将热量从赤道移动到杆子，以使地球的区域温度保持平衡。因此，气候只是洋流和天气所移动的热量。地球的气候正在变暖：地球的平均温度以每百年厘米约0.75摄氏度的速度升高，这是由于二氧化碳在大气中诱捕的热量通常会流失在空间上。我们可以预测气候将来会如何变化吗？有一句古老的格言是真实的：“气候就是您所期望的；天气就是您得到的”。一个夏天的炎热天气并没有告诉我们气候正在发生变化，因为天气是日常的，甚至一年一度的变化。我们需要在很长一段时间内平均所有天气，以决定气候是否在变化。我们想知道气候是否在我们的后代面临后果之前发生变化，这就是我们的项目的进来。气候科学家的最终野心无非是预测高达10年的气候。毕竟，我们知道三到五天后天气预报变得有些不可靠。答案是因为海洋是肯定的。慢速和深水为海洋提供了数百年的记忆，海洋将这种记忆带入了气候。如果我们现在知道海洋的状况，那么我们很有可能了解这将如何影响未来几年的气候。我们为自己设定了一项巨大的任务，但在美国，加拿大，加拿大，德国，荷兰，荷兰，法罗群岛，冰岛，冰岛，丹麦和苏格兰和苏格兰。我们将不断测量从加拿大到格陵兰再到苏格兰（北大西洋亚州）的海洋循环。以前从未尝试过。我们之所以选择北大西洋，是因为这里的循环对整个地球的气候很重要。这是因为在北大西洋的高纬度及其连接的北极海洋中，海洋可以通过释放其中储存大量的热量来有效地在大气上烙印出来。在英国，我们的纬度与加拿大和西伯利亚相同，设得兰群岛比格陵兰和阿拉斯加的南部尖端更北，但是大西洋海洋循环使英国保持5-10度的摄入度比其他国家 /地区更加温暖。我们可以通过部署可靠的自我录制器械来衡量整个海洋。我们将使用系泊设备（电线固定在海床上，并由空气玻璃球支撑在水中）将乐器固定在重要位置。从2014年到2018年，我们将使用船只恢复系泊和数据，然后将乐器放回水中。我们还将使用激动人心的新技术。自主的水下海格流行车将从苏格兰向西到2000公里的海洋长期调查的一年中的长期往返大西洋。海格滑行者每天通过卫星将数据传输到我们的实验室，而飞行员可以远程飞行滑翔机。另外，还有一个由3000个漂浮物的全球舰队，可连续测量海洋前1公里。卫星提供了海面的重要测量。通过这些新的测量结果，我们将在项目的几个月和几年中找到海洋携带的热量如何变化，我们将使用复杂的计算机模型来帮助解释我们的发现。