Can capturing global ecosystem service values reduce poverty?

获取全球生态系统服务价值可以减少贫困吗？

• 批准号: NE/K010085/2
• 负责人: Alison Cameron
• 金额: $ 9.31万
• 依托单位: Bangor University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK010085%2F2
• 关键词: capturing; global; ecosystem; service; values

Zafy lives in a village on edge of the forest in Madagascar. He wants the best for his family and so uses the resources and options he has open to him and clears a patch of forest to grow hill rice. His hard labour pays off and he is able to sell a small surplus. Rakoto farms rice on the valley floor. In good years, when there is plenty of water, he produces more than his family can eat. However as the forest on the slopes continues to be cut, water in the dry season is reduced, and there are fewer and fewer good years.That tropical deforestation threatens species' survival is well known to the general public. There is also increasing awareness that it contributes to climate change (through the release of carbon stored in trees and soils). Zafy's story demonstrates that although cutting down forest is often presented as wanton destruction, it may well be a perfectly sensible choice for the people directly involved. It also shows that some negative impacts of deforestation may be felt locally as well as globally. In recent years a new approach to conserving tropical forests has evolved. The central idea is that those who benefit from the existence of forest should pay those who would otherwise cut it down. This concept is known as payment for ecosystem services and has come to dominate discussions about rainforest conservation. People who support this approach argue that it will benefit poor people like Zafy, who will be compensated for not clearing forest, through cash payments or development activities in their area. In addition, the land-use changes which will be encouraged under the payment schemes (protecting forest or planting new forest) may benefit other poor people in the area; for example Rakoto may benefit from increased forest cover through improved flow of water to his rice fields.Unfortunately nothing is ever as simple as it seems. While these payments for ecosystem services schemes are attracting millions of dollars, and there is a commitment by many involved to ensure they are beneficial for poor people, questions remain both about the impact current schemes are having on the poor and about how these schemes could be designed to realise any potential for alleviating poverty while avoiding harm.These vitally important questions need a research approach which brings together specialists with a range of expertise. Our team involves sociologists, economists, ecologists, hydrologists, remote sensing experts and modellers who will explore the complex ways in which international ecosystem service payments affect the lives of poor people. Specific questions we will address include quantifying the benefits which lowland rice farmers may expect from increasing forest cover, exploring the costs (and who bears them) of reduced access for wild-product harvesting, and investigating how politics and social structures influence how any benefits from payments are distributed. We focus on a single area (the eastern rainforests), in a single country (Madagascar). Such a narrow focus is necessary to get the complete picture which takes account of all the interactions between ecological and social systems. Although we focus field work within Madagascar, and our results will directly influence payment schemes in the country, our project's findings will also have a much wider impact. We are working closely with those involved in developing the policies which underpin payment schemes, and in implementing them on the ground both in Madagascar and worldwide. Our project will result in scientific papers which push the boundaries of interdisciplinary research, and interesting coverage in the media and on our project website. However through this wider engagement our project will also result in concrete changes to the design of payment schemes which should improve the lives of people like Rakoto, Zafy and their families, wherever they live in the world.

Zafy住在马达加斯加森林边缘的一个村庄。他想要为家人提供最好的东西，因此使用他对他开放的资源和选择，并清理了一片森林来种植米饭。他的辛勤工作有钱，他能够出售一小盈余。 Rakoto Farms米饭在山谷地板上。在好几年中，当有大量水时，他的生产超出了家人的食物。然而，随着斜坡上的森林继续被砍伐，旱季的水减少了，越来越少的美好年份。热带森林砍伐威胁着物种的生存。人们的意识也越来越有助于气候变化（通过释放碳和土壤中的碳）。 Zafy的故事表明，尽管砍伐森林通常被视为肆意的破坏，但对于直接参与的人们来说，这可能是一个完全明智的选择。这还表明，森林砍伐的一些负面影响可能会在本地和全球范围内感受到。近年来，一种新的保护热带森林的方法已经发展。核心思想是，那些从森林的存在中受益的人应该支付那些原本可以削减它的人。这个概念被称为生态系统服务的付款，并且已经主导了有关雨林保护的讨论。支持这种方法的人认为，这将使像Zafy这样的穷人受益。此外，在付款计划（保护森林或种植新森林）下将鼓励的土地利用变化可能使该地区的其他穷人受益；例如，rakoto可能会通过改善水流到稻田的森林覆盖范围而受益。不幸的是，似乎没有什么那么简单。尽管这些对生态系统服务计划的付款吸引了数百万美元，并且许多参与的承诺以确保它们对穷人有利，但有关当前计划对穷人的影响以及这些方案的影响以及这些计划的设计既可以通过如何减轻贫困的潜力，同时避免造成伤害的潜力，避免造成伤害。避免了这些重要的问题，这些问题既需要研究又有一个专家的研究，才需要一个专业的研究。我们的团队涉及社会学家，经济学家，生态学家，水文学家，遥感专家和建模者，他们将探讨国际生态系统服务支付影响穷人生活的复杂方式。我们将要解决的具体问题包括量化低地水稻农民对增加森林覆盖的收益，探索减少野生产品收获的访问权限的成本（以及谁承担），并调查政治和社会结构如何影响支付中任何收益的分配方式。我们专注于一个国家（马达加斯加）的一个地区（东部雨林）。这样的狭窄重点对于获取完整的图片需要考虑到生态系统和社会系统之间的所有相互作用。尽管我们将马达加斯加内部的现场工作集中在现场工作，而我们的结果将直接影响该国的付款计划，但我们项目的发现也将产生更大的影响。我们正在与参与制定基础支付支付计划的政策的人员紧密合作，并在马达加斯加和全球实施这些政策。我们的项目将产生科学论文，从而突破跨学​​科研究的界限，并在媒体和我们的项目网站上进行有趣的报道。但是，通过这种更广泛的参与，我们的项目还将导致付款计划的设计具体变化，这些计划应改善Rakoto，Zafy及其家人等人的生活，无论他们住在世界范围的地方。

项目成果

A new locality and new colour variant of the giant stick insect

巨型竹节虫的新产地和新颜色变种

• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: SPIXIANA
• 影响因子: 0.4
• 作者: Andriantsimanarilafy Raphali R.

A review of regulation ecosystem services and disservices from faunal populations and potential impacts of agriculturalisation on their provision, globally

• DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.30.26989
• 发表时间: 2018-10-24
• 期刊: NATURE CONSERVATION-BULGARIA
• 影响因子: 1.6
• 作者: Gutierrez-Arellano, Claudia;Mulligan, Mark
• 通讯作者: Mulligan, Mark

Research ethics: Assuring anonymity at the individual level may not be sufficient to protect research participants from harm

• DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.025
• 发表时间: 2016-04-01
• 期刊: BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
• 影响因子: 5.9
• 作者: St John, Freya A. V.;Brockington, Daniel;Razafimanahaka, Julie H.
• 通讯作者: Razafimanahaka, Julie H.

Restoration of Ecosystem Services, in Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation:Trade-offs and Governance

生态系统服务的恢复，生态系统服务与扶贫：权衡与治理

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Cameron A