Fragments, functions and flows - the scaling of biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban ecosystems

碎片、功能和流动——城市生态系统中生物多样性和生态系统服务的扩展

基本信息

批准号：
NE/J015237/1
负责人：
Kevin Gaston
金额：
$ 89.64万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ015237%2F1
关键词：
Fragments functions flows scaling biodiversity

项目摘要

Urban areas cover just 2.8% of the Earth's land area, but over 50% of the human population lives in them, and these proportions are growing rapidly. Such heavy concentration of people has a wide variety of important consequences. Those for their relations with the environment have attracted much recent attention from the media, pressure groups, policy makers, researchers, and local and national government. Of particular concern have been how improvements can most effectively be made to the environmental conditions experienced in urban areas, to the levels of interaction between urban dwellers and the natural environment, and to the contribution of urban areas to the broader scale provision of ecosystem services. This raises the key issue of the form of relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban areas, how the structure of urban areas (the spatial structure of the different kinds and extents of impermeable and permeable surfaces; urban form) influences these relationships, and thus how the existing structure can best be managed and how future structure can be planned to best effect.Although understanding of the levels and distributions both of biodiversity and of ecosystem services in urban areas has improved dramatically in recent years the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services have been extremely poorly studied in urban areas (and are largely absent from major collations of empirical studies). Indeed, these environments pose significant and unusual challenges:- the urban landscape is highly fragmented, with large portions sealed by buildings and paving;- greenspaces are embedded in a complex mosaic of buildings and roads that imposes major constraints and directionality on the flows of biodiversity and ecosystem service delivery across the urban landscape;- the intensity of human management of these environments can give rise to spatial patterns and scales of flows of energy, materials and biodiversity on which ecosystem services depend that would not naturally occur; and,- the very aggregations of people that give rise to urban areas typically necessitate less conventional approaches to conducting ecological research therein, involving greater engagement with the general public, and less dependence on the use of large pieces of equipment, which is "out of bounds" to the general population.In order to determine these biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships, develop deeper understanding and to test this understanding our overall approach to this project involves five main steps. We shall:- characterise the spatial ecological structure of urban areas;- determine biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships and the influence of connectivity on them;- determine the flows of biodiversity, and service delivery in selected cases;- experimentally perturb those flows to determine the impact on ecosystem service delivery; and- integrate these findings in the form of spatially explicit models which will form the basis of an "ecosystem service" layer for GIS models.This will enable us to deepen understanding, and to provide illustrations for stakeholders (such as planners, local people and NGOs) as to how "scenarios" of different development proposals might be tested, to provide support for decisions based on sound science and stakeholder engagement.

城市地区仅占地球土地面积的2.8％，但超过50％的人口生活在其中，这些比例正在迅速增长。如此繁重的人会带来各种各样的重要后果。那些与环境关系的人吸引了媒体，压力集团，政策制定者，研究人员以及地方和国家政府的最新关注。特别令人担忧的是，如何对城市地区经历的环境条件，城市居民与自然环境之间的相互作用水平以及城市地区对更广泛的生态系统服务规模提供的贡献进行最有效的改进。这就提出了一个关键问题，即在城市地区生物多样性和生态系统服务之间关系形式的形式，城市地区的结构（不同种类和可渗透性表面的空间结构和范围的空间结构；城市形式）如何影响这些关系，从而如何能够最好地管理现有结构以及如何最好地管理结构。近年来，生物多样性与生态系统服务之间的关系在城市地区的研究非常差（在很大程度上缺乏实证研究的重大统一）。实际上，这些环境构成了重大和不寻常的挑战： - 城市景观是高度分散的，由建筑物和铺路密封了很大一部分； - 绿空间嵌入了建筑物和道路的复杂摩西座中，这些建筑物和道路将主要的限制和方向施加在整个生物多样性和生态系统中的流动，可以使这些人类的兴起范围内的群体交付，以使这些强度可以使这些强度置于这些强度；生态系统服务所取决于的能量，材料和生物多样性流的模式和尺度是自然不会发生的；而且 - - 引起城市地区的人们的聚集通常需要更少的传统方法来进行其中的生态研究，涉及更多与公众的参与，并且对大型设备的使用依赖，这是“与一般人群”的“界限”。在顺序上，以确定这些五个五个步骤来确定这些五个步骤，以使我们的五个五个项目涉及该计划。我们将： - 表征城市地区的空间生态结构； - 确定生物多样性生态系统服务的服务关系以及连通性对它们的影响； - 确定生物多样性的流量以及选定案例中的服务提供； - 实验对这些流动以确定对生态系统服务交付的影响； and- integrate these findings in the form of spatially explicit models which will form the basis of an "ecosystem service" layer for GIS models.This will enable us to deepen understanding, and to provide illustrations for stakeholders (such as planners, local people and NGOs) as to how "scenarios" of different development proposals might be tested, to provide support for decisions based on sound science and stakeholder engagement.

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Visualising the urban green volume: Exploring LiDAR voxels with tangible technologies and virtual models

DOI：
10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.024
发表时间：
2018-07
期刊：
Landscape and Urban Planning
影响因子：
9.1
作者：
K. Anderson;S. Hancock;Stefano Casalegno;A. Griffiths;David Griffiths;F. Sargent;J. Mccallum;D. Cox;K. Gaston
通讯作者：
K. Anderson;S. Hancock;Stefano Casalegno;A. Griffiths;David Griffiths;F. Sargent;J. Mccallum;D. Cox;K. Gaston

The impact of urbanisation on nature dose and the implications for human health