Origin and co-evolution of land plant-fungal symbioses through the "greening of the Earth"

通过“地球绿化”陆地植物-真菌共生体的起源和共同进化

• 批准号: NE/I025360/1
• 负责人: Silvia Pressel
• 金额: $ 7.97万
• 依托单位: Natural History Museum
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FI025360%2F1
• 关键词: Origin; co; evolution; land; plant

Colonization of the land by terrestrial plants ca. 475 Ma was one of the most far-reaching chapters in Earth's history. Liverworts occupy the pivotal position in the land plant evolutionary tree with a wide variety of evidence supporting these non-vascular plants as the most basal terrestrial photosynthetic organisms and amongst the earliest colonizers of the land ca.475 Ma. Recent molecular genetic evidence supports the view that mycorrhiza-like associations in liverworts are a basal and ancestral trait, and land plants evolved from a single common ancestor that formed symbiotic associations with fungal partners before roots evolved. For at least the past 30 years, the prevailing paradigm has been that AM fungi are the ancestral form of all plant-fungal symbioses co-evolving with the earliest land plants. AM associations are the most common type of mycorrhiza, and are currently found in over 70% of land plant species including simple and complex thalloid liverworts. However, new evidence reported by members of the project team (MB, JGD, SP) has revealed that the most basal extant groups of liverworts, the Haplomitriopsida, exclusively form associations with the most basal group of plant-symbiotic fungi - the Endogonales. For the first time, we now have evidence pointing to the identity of the fungal group at the dawn of their nutritional symbiosis with land plants. This opens a remarkable new window for functional investigations into how the symbiosis facilitated the emergence of the terrestrial biosphere.Our proposal exploits these findings by addressing three fundamental evolutionary questions relating to the initial phase of plants 'greening of the Earth': (1) Are the associations between liverworts and species of Endogone functionally equivalent to those formed with AM fungal partners? (2) Was the switching of fungal partners from facultatively saprotrophic Endogone to obligately biotrophic AM fungi through the evolutionary advance of basal liverworts driven by increasing mutualistic benefits to the plants and fungi? (3) Did the accumulation of soil organic matter favour obligately biotrophic AM fungi over facultatively saprotrophic Endogone in supplying mineral nutrients to the plants?We have carefully selected 7 liverwort species with fungal associations that provide a powerful spectrum of model systems amenable to experimentation and quantitative functional analyses of C exchange, nutrient relationships and fungal specificity. All of our target organisms can all be cultured either from spores or gemmae to provide plants with and without fungal symbionts. This provides a robust approach for enabling quantification of fungal colonization on gametophyte growth, nutrition and reproductive output within a 3 yr project. Our experimental programme will be conducted on (1) mature field-collected populations and (2) symbiotic vs. asymbiotic plants grown from gemmae/spores. Field collected populations will be used for functional studies of C-allocation from liverworts to their fungal partners and reciprocal uptake of nutrients into the plants via the fungi. Populations from gemmae/spores will be used for investigating the net costs/benefits of the fungal symbionts on the growth and reproductive output of the liverworts and the biomass and extent of the fungal partners. Molecular identification and ultra-structural studies will be undertaken on both sets of plants to establish the identity of the fungal endosymbionts, the nature of the plant-fungal interfaces, and how these relate to function and host specificity. Overall, this project will contribute fundamental knowledge and understanding to the dawn of an ancient symbiosis between land plants and fungi that played a founding role in the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems - a topic closely aligned to NERC's Earth System Science Theme high-level challenge "improving current knowledge of the interaction between the evolution of life and the Earth".

陆地植物对土地的殖民化。 475 MA是地球历史上最深远的章节之一。利弗沃特（Liverworts）占据着土地植物进化树的关键位置，有多种证据支持这些非血管植物是最大的陆地光合生物，以及土地上最早的殖民者Ca.475 MA。最近的分子遗传证据支持这样的观点，即肝脏中的菌根样相关是一种基础和祖先的特征，而陆上植物是从单个共同祖先演变而来的，该祖先与真菌伴侣形成了共生伴侣，然后再出现。至少在过去的30年中，普遍的范式是AM真菌是所有植物 - 企业共生的祖先形式，与最早的土地植物共同发展。 AM关联是菌根的最常见类型，目前在70％的土地植物物种中发现了包括简单和复杂的thaloid liverworts。然而，项目团队成员（MB，JGD，SP）报告的新证据表明，现存的基础植物群，单倍型单位型群体仅与基底基底植物 - 植物生物真菌群建立了关联。我们现在第一次有证据表明真菌群在其营养共生与土地植物中的身份。这为功能研究打开了一个非凡的新窗口，以了解共生如何促进陆地生物圈的出现。我们的建议利用了这些发现，通过解决与地球绿色的初始阶段相关的三个基本进化问题'：（1）与这些植物之间的关联以及这些与这些构成的构成构成的相关性是？ （2）是否会通过基底肝脏的进化前进，从植物和真菌增加相互利益的驱动的基础肝脏的进化，将真菌伴侣从夫妇营养性内生的转换转换为有义务的生物营养和真菌。 （3）土壤有机物的积累是否有利于某些生物营养性和贫营养的内生内生物，在为植物供应矿物质营养时？我们已经精心挑选了7种具有真菌的植物植物，具有真菌的相关性，可提供强大的模型系统，以实现实验性和定量功能性，并具有c的功能性，并具有c的功能性，努力，努力。我们所有的目标生物都可以从孢子或gemmae中培养，以提供有或没有真菌共生体的植物。这提供了一种强大的方法，可以在3年项目中量化真菌定植对配子体生长，营养和生殖产量的量化。我们的实验计划将在（1）成熟的现场收集人群以及（2）从Gemmae/Spores生长的亲生植物进行（2）。现场收集的人群将用于从Liverworts到其真菌伴侣的C分配功能研究，并通过真菌将营养物质相互吸收到植物中。来自Gemmae/孢子的种群将用于研究真菌共生体对Liverworts的生长和生殖产量以及真菌伴侣的生物量和程度的净成本/收益。将在两组植物上进行分子鉴定和超结构研究，以建立真菌内共生体的身份，植物界接口的性质以及这些与功能和宿主特异性的关系。总体而言，该项目将为陆地植物和真菌之间古老的共生型的黎明提供基本知识和理解，在陆地生态系统的演变中发挥了基础，这是一个与NERC的地球系统科学高级挑战密切相关的话题“改善了生命和地球进化之间的相互作用之间的当前知识。

项目成果

First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2.

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.13024
• 发表时间: 2015-01
• 期刊: The New phytologist
• 作者: Field KJ;Rimington WR;Bidartondo MI;Allinson KE;Beerling DJ;Cameron DD;Duckett JG;Leake JR;Pressel S
• 通讯作者: Pressel S

Mineral weathering and soil development in the earliest land plant ecosystems

• DOI: 10.1130/g38449.1
• 发表时间: 2016-12-01
• 期刊: GEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: Mitchell, Ria L.;Cuadros, Javier;Kenrick, Paul
• 通讯作者: Kenrick, Paul

Fungal associations of basal vascular plants: reopening a closed book?

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.13221
• 发表时间: 2015-03
• 期刊: The New phytologist
• 作者: William R. Rimington;S. Pressel;J. Duckett;M. Bidartondo

Liverworts to the rescue: an investigation of their efficacy as mycorrhizal inoculum for vascular plants

• DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12580
• 发表时间: 2016-06-01
• 期刊: FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Kowal, Jill;Pressel, Silvia;Bidartondo, Martin I.
• 通讯作者: Bidartondo, Martin I.

Pteridophyte fungal associations: Current knowledge and future perspectives

• DOI: 10.1111/jse.12227
• 发表时间: 2016-11-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Pressel, Silvia;Bidartondo, Martin I.;Duckett, Jeffrey G.
• 通讯作者: Duckett, Jeffrey G.