The Role of Organised Victims in Transitional Justice in Turkey and Northern Ireland

有组织的受害者在土耳其和北爱尔兰过渡时期司法中的作用

• 批准号: ES/Y007433/1
• 负责人: Nisan ALICI
• 金额: $ 12.67万
• 依托单位: Queen's University Belfast
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FY007433%2F1
• 关键词: Role; Organised; Victims; Transitional; Justice

Despite the acknowledgement of the centrality of victims in transitional justice processes in principle, victim-centred advocacy and the agency of victims are still ignored as a political force (Sajjad, 2016; Robins, 2017). Victims as political actors mark an absence in transitional justice literature (Garcia-Godos, 2016), and this constitutes a lacuna which reflects the view that "victims are passive or apolitical" (Druliolle and Brett, 2018, p.2). My PhD explores the future directions of transitional justice in Turkey and the Kurdish conflict, specifically examining the victims' and other grassroots actors' perspectives, demands, and experiences. It makes a unique and novel contribution by positioning the Kurdish conflict within the field of transitional and transformative justice from a victim-centred perspective.Although there is a long legacy of state violence and atrocities, Turkey has never developed a transitional justice framework to deal with these past crimes, particularly in the Kurdish region. Using locally grounded data from in-person and online interviews with grassroots actors, the thesis shows that these actors have used transitional justice discourse to pursue truth, justice, and accountability. The empirical research, including a case study of the Saturday Mothers movement, shows that despite the absence of an official transitional justice agenda, or a peace agreement that sets out a transitional justice strategy, it was still possible to contribute to the transitional justice pillars of truth, justice, guarantees of non-recurrence, and memorialization. The findings also highlight how civil society can use the ongoing and unfolding process to develop a roadmap for a community-led transitional justice process.The research outlines learnings from the experience of bottom-up and agency-oriented efforts and approaches in Turkey. It argues that transitional justice as a field can benefit from incorporating more grassroots voices to move it beyond a prescriptive and elite-driven endeavour toward a more transformative agenda. Transitional justice theory and practice can also benefit from the Turkish case by better understanding how processes can work during, or are limited by, ongoing conflicts. There is a need for a nuanced approach to capture the contexts where the conflict continues alongside several attempts to deal with the past. My PhD research contributes to bridging that gap, by specifically examining the prospects, challenges and opportunities that transitional justice could offer during an ongoing conflict. By, referring to the grassroots efforts for truth and justice as transitional justice initiatives, this thesis rethinks Turkey as a case study to produce more knowledge on how transitional justice could be implemented in the absence of a fundamental political transition. It is also significant for documenting the perceptions of victims and other grassroots actors of victimhood and transitional justice.Through the fellowship I will consolidate and prepare the next stage of my academic career. The project has three broad aims: First, it aims to contribute to the bridging the gap between the empirical data on victims' agency and demands and the transitional justice scholarship. Second, it aims to make the PhD findings accessible to, and used by, practitioners, thereby generating strong impact on policy and practice for an ongoing conflict that has been long neglected in the field of transitional justice. Third, it seeks to position the fellow for leading a research grant for a collaborative and participatory project that builds on the PhD work. Overall, the fellowship will play a vital role in bridging the gap identified by my PhD findings: the disconnect between the theory of transitional justice produced and the practice that is shaped by victim groups' and grassroots organisations' mobilisation.

尽管原则上承认受害者在过渡司法程序中的中心地位，但以受害者为中心的倡导和受害者的机构仍然被忽略为政治力量（Sajjjad，2016年； Robins，2017年）。作为政治行为者的受害者标志着过渡司法文献缺席（Garcia-Godos，2016年），这构成了一个空白，反映出“受害者是被动或无政治性的”（Drulioliolle和Brett，2018年，2018年，第2页）。我的博士探讨了土耳其和库尔德冲突的未来过渡司法的指导，特别是研究受害者和其他基层演员的观点，要求和经验。从以受害者为中心的角度将库尔德冲突定位在过渡和变革性正义领域内的库尔德冲突来做出独特而新颖的贡献。尽管存在很长的国家暴力和暴行的遗产，但土耳其从未开发过过渡司法框架来处理过去的这些过去的犯罪，尤其是在库尔德地区。论文使用面对面的数据和与基层演员的在线访谈，表明这些参与者使用过渡司法话语来追求真理，正义和问责制。经验研究，包括对周六母亲运动的案例研究，表明，尽管没有正式的过渡司法议程，或者是一项和平协议制定了过渡司法策略，但仍然有可能为真理的过渡司法支柱做出贡献，司法，司法，保证了非申流和纪念。这些发现还强调了民间社会如何利用正在进行的和不断发展的过程来为社区主导的过渡司法程序开发路线图。研究概述了土耳其自下而上和以代理机构的努力和方法的经验。它认为，过渡正义作为一个领域可以从融合更多的基层声音中受益，以使其超越规定性和精英驱动的努力，向更具变革性的议程。过渡司法理论和实践也可以通过更好地了解过程在持续的冲突期间或受到限制的过程中的工作方式，从土耳其案件中受益。需要一种细微的方法来捕获冲突继续进行的背景，并在处理过去的几次尝试中继续进行。我的博士学位研究有助于弥合这一差距，并专门研究过渡正义在持续的冲突期间可能提供的前景，挑战和机遇。通过将基层为真理和司法作为过渡司法倡议的努力，本文将土耳其重新考虑为案例研究，以在没有基本的政治过渡的情况下对如何实施过渡正义的方式产生更多知识。这对于记录受害者和其他基层行为者的看法和过渡正义的看法也很重要。通过奖学金，我将合并并准备我学术生涯的下一阶段。该项目具有三个广泛的目标：首先，它旨在为受害者代理机构的经验数据与需求与过渡司法奖学金之间的差异做出贡献。其次，它的目的是使从业者可以并使用博士学位调查结果并使用，从而对政策和实践产生强烈的影响，以实现在过渡司法领域长期以来一直忽略的持续冲突。第三，它试图将研究员定位为基于博士学位工作的协作和参与项目的研究赠款。总体而言，奖学金将在弥合我的博士学位发现所确定的差距：过渡正义理论与受害者组织和基层组织动员所塑造的实践之间的脱节。