Integration of low-carbon hydrogen value chains for hard-to-decarbonise sectors with wider energy systems: Whole-systems modelling and optimisation

将难以脱碳行业的低碳氢价值链与更广泛的能源系统整合：全系统建模和优化

• 批准号: EP/W033275/1
• 负责人: Sheila Samsatli
• 金额: $ 31.73万
• 依托单位: Energy Systems Catapult
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2024 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FW033275%2F1
• 关键词: Integration; low; carbon; hydrogen; value

Low-carbon hydrogen has a crucial part to play in the UK's transition to net zero by 2050, complementing renewable electricity, and providing an alternative low-carbon energy source for sectors that are difficult to decarbonise. To kickstart a thriving low-carbon hydrogen economy, the UK Government has set a target capacity of 5 GW of hydrogen by 2030. This will require a rapid and large-scale deployment of generation capacity, infrastructures to support the delivery of the hydrogen to its end uses, and growing its demands. Switching energy-intensive industries to low-carbon hydrogen could help accelerate its uptake and provide a reliable demand to entice producers into the market. This is also the largest opportunity for reducing CO2 emissions: per tonne of hydrogen used, heavy industry can abate about 4 times as much CO2 as other sectors. Once the market has been established, this could trickle down to other sectors, such as heating in buildings and transport, particularly long distance and heavy duty, where battery vehicles are not well suited, helping to progress the UK towards net zero.Switching energy-intensive industries to hydrogen is an effective way of integrating hydrogen into the whole energy system. This project will investigate how this can be done: what the system requirements are as well as the benefits and impacts of doing so. First, we will understand how energy-intensive industries will perform technically, economically and environmentally if they switch to hydrogen, using steelmaking as an exemplar with a process known as Direct Reduction of Iron combined with Electric Arc Furnace, by building high-fidelity mathematical models of these processes. These will be compared with other decarbonisation options for steelmaking, such as efficiency improvements, retrofitting with carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies, and using alternative reductants and fuels such as biomass.We will then explore the implications of integrating these processes and the value chains for supplying low-carbon hydrogen into the wider energy system. This requires a whole-system modelling approach that uses optimisation for the planning, design and operation of the overall system. The model includes a representation of the possible technologies, infrastructures and resources, and determines the optimal combination of these (what technologies and infrastructures to deploy, where and when, and how to operate them over time) in order to satisfy the demands for energy services and products, while satisfying constraints (e.g. environmental), to minimise an overall performance criterion (e.g. total costs or GHG emissions). We will use the whole-system model to answer the following questions.1. Can sufficient low-carbon hydrogen be produced in the UK for the steel industry? What is the optimal mix of green and blue hydrogen to minimise costs and environmental impacts? How much renewable energy will be needed?2. How to ramp up demands in low-carbon hydrogen and what are the roles that technologies could play in achieving the levels of production needed to meet the targets? How will the hydrogen value chains develop and expand?3. Once the energy-intensive industries, such as steel, have been decarbonised using hydrogen, which sectors should be decarbonised next?4. What are the impacts on the electricity network and the wider energy system? How much energy storage capacity will be needed and in what form?5. What are the costs and benefits of developing highly integrated industrial clusters from the start, and expanding the network by building more clusters and linking them, as opposed to developing less-integrated networks nationally and then gradually increasing their integration?6. What market frameworks and policies can be put in place to ensure that steel, and other products and energy services, produced from low-carbon hydrogen will be economically competitive, locally and internationally?

低碳氢在英国到2050年向净零过渡的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，它补充了可再生电力，并为难以脱碳的行业提供了替代低碳能源。为了启动蓬勃发展的低碳氢经济，英国政府设定了到 2030 年氢气产能达到 5 吉瓦的目标。这将需要快速大规模部署发电能力和基础设施，以支持将氢气输送到英国。最终用途，以及不断增长的需求。将能源密集型产业转向低碳氢可能有助于加速其吸收，并提供可靠的需求来吸引生产商进入市场。这也是减少二氧化碳排放的最大机会：每使用一吨氢气，重工业可减少的二氧化碳量是其他行业的约 4 倍。一旦市场建立起来，这可能会渗透到其他行业，例如建筑供暖和运输，特别是长途和重型汽车，这些领域电池汽车不太适合，有助于英国迈向净零排放。集约化产业氢能是氢能融入整个能源体系的有效途径。该项目将研究如何做到这一点：系统要求是什么以及这样做的好处和影响。首先，我们将通过建立高保真数学模型，以炼钢工艺与电弧炉相结合的直接还原铁工艺为例，了解能源密集型产业如果转向氢能在技术、经济和环境方面的表现如何这些过程。这些将与炼钢的其他脱碳方案进行比较，例如效率提高、碳捕获、储存和利用技术改造，以及使用替代还原剂和燃料（例如生物质）。然后我们将探讨整合这些流程和价值链的影响为更广泛的能源系统提供低碳氢。这需要一种全系统建模方法，对整个系统的规划、设计和操作进行优化。该模型包括可能的技术、基础设施和资源的表示，并确定这些的最佳组合（部署哪些技术和基础设施、部署地点和时间以及随着时间的推移如何操作它们），以满足能源服务的需求和产品，同时满足约束（例如环境），以最大限度地降低总体绩效标准（例如总成本或温室气体排放）。我们将利用全系统模型来回答以下问题： 1．英国能否为钢铁行业生产足够的低碳氢？为了最大限度地降低成本和环境影响，绿氢和蓝氢的最佳组合是什么？需要多少可再生能源？2．如何增加低碳氢的需求？技术在实现目标所需的生产水平方面可以发挥哪些作用？氢价值链将如何发展和拓展？3．一旦钢铁等能源密集型行业使用氢气实现脱碳，接下来应该对哪些行业进行脱碳？4。对电网和更广泛的能源系统有何影响？需要多少储能容量以及以什么形式？5．从一开始就发展高度集成的产业集群，并通过建立更多集群并将它们连接起来来扩大网络，而不是在全国范围内发展集成度较低的网络，然后逐步提高其集成度，其成本和收益是什么？6。可以制定哪些市场框架和政策来确保由低碳氢生产的钢铁以及其他产品和能源服务在本地和国际上具有经济竞争力？