DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE IN SPEED OF PROCESSING

处理速度的发展变化

• 批准号: 3317630
• 负责人: Robert V. Kail
• 金额: $ 4.65万
• 依托单位: PURDUE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1985
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1985-05-01 至 1988-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3317630
• 关键词: child behavior; cognition; data collection; neural information processing; performance; visual stimulus

Age-related differences in performance on speeded tasks (e.g., simple reaction time, analogical reasoning) are ubiquitous and large. The proposed research is designed to distinguish between the two principal explanations for these age differences: (1) the differences are due to central mechanisms but are epiphenomenal in the sense that differences in speed are readily derived from other psychological mechanisms (e.g., due to younger children's use of less efficient strategies for task solution); and (2) the age differences are central and reflect the operation of some fundamental parameter of the child's cognitive system (e.g., age differences in processing resources). Each of the proposed experiments involves three tasks: mental rotation, visual search, and memory search. In mental rotation, subjects decide if pairs of letters presented in different orientations are identical or mirror images. In the visual search task, subjects are first shown a target letter. Then they are shown an array of letters (e.g., A R W C F) and are asked to determine, as rapidly as possible, if the target letter is in the series. The memory search task is essentially the visual search task in reverse: Subjects are shown the series of letters, then determine if a letter presented subsequently was member of the set. The subjects will range from 8 to 21 years of age. The aim of Experiment 1 is to determine if there are age differences in rates of mental rotation, visual search, and memory search after subjects have extensive practice (to the point that additional practice no longer improves performance). The aim of Experiments 2 and 3 is to determine how speed and accuracy tradeoff in performance, so that processing speeds for different age groups can be based on equivalent levels of accuracy. Finally, if age differences in speed of processing reflect developmental change in a central mechanism, the shape of the growth function for processing speed should be the same across tasks. Thus, the aim of Experiment 4 is to determine if different processing parameters have similar growth functions.

快速任务（例如，简单的任务）的表现与年龄相关的差异 反应时间、类比推理）普遍存在且规模巨大。 这 拟议的研究旨在区分两种主要的 对这些年龄差异的解释：（1）这些差异是由于 核心机制，但从某种意义上说，它们是附带现象 速度很容易从其他心理机制中得出（例如，由于 年幼的孩子使用效率较低的策略来解决任务）；和 （2）年龄差异是核心，反映了一些人的运作情况 儿童认知系统的基本参数（例如年龄 处理资源的差异）。 每个提议的实验都涉及三个任务：心理旋转， 视觉搜索和记忆搜索。 在心理旋转中，受试者决定是否 以不同方向呈现的字母对相同或 镜像。 在视觉搜索任务中，首先向受试者展示 目标信。 然后他们会看到一组字母（例如 A R W C F） 并被要求尽快确定目标字母是否是 在该系列中。 记忆搜索任务本质上是视觉搜索 反向任务：向受试者展示一系列字母，然后确定 如果随后提出的一封信是该集合的成员。 科目 年龄范围为8至21岁。 实验1的目的是确定是否存在年龄差异 受试者之后的心理旋转、视觉搜索和记忆搜索率 进行广泛的练习（以至于不再需要额外的练习 提高性能）。 实验 2 和 3 的目的是确定如何 速度和精度在性能上的权衡，以便处理速度 不同年龄组可以基于同等的准确度水平。 最后，如果处理速度的年龄差异反映了发育 中央机制的变化，增长函数的形状 不同任务的处理速度应该相同。 因此，目的是 实验4是为了确定不同的加工参数是否有 类似的增长函数。