FLU:Trailmap: Transmission and risk of avian influenza: learning more to advance preparedness

FLU：路线图：禽流感的传播和风险：了解更多信息以做好准备

• 批准号: BB/Y007271/1
• 负责人: Ian Brown
• 金额: $ 102.83万
• 依托单位: ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH AGENCY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FY007271%2F1
• 关键词: FLU; Trailmap; Transmission; risk; avian

High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a significant burden on animal health globally and threatens human health. Incursions of HPAIV into the UK have increased significantly since 2020 with over 350 infected premises being detected between 2020 and 2023. Wild bird populations have also suffered significant mortalities across multiple species, with a shift to infection of seabirds enabling over-summering of virus infection in UK birds for the first time. Whilst virus incursions have been restricted to the H5N1 subtype, the ability of these viruses to exchange genetic material means that over 12 different H5N1 viruses have been detected in the UK. Further, the increased infection pressure has meant that the virus has spilt over into scavenging mammalian species with 23 detections of HPAIV in wild mammals since 2020. This project is in response to this extreme increase in detection of HPAIV infection in the UK and is divided across five work packages (WPs) to improve our understanding of HPAIVs, help mitigate incursions and refine approaches to future prevention strategies. Work-package (WP1) will improve our understanding of on-farm biosecurity practices, to define weaknesses in existing barriers and determine how to implement effective counter measures. Through detailed investigation and by conducting multi-sectorial interviews, the adherence and effectiveness of existing biosecurity interventions will be assessed. Outputs will provide insight into effectiveness and challenges to implementation which will be used to improve biosecurity in the field.WP2 will improve our understanding of factors which contribute to the circulation of these viruses, including understanding the complex interactions amongst wild bird networks and with poultry. Viral genetic and epidemiological data from the field, and data generated through the other WPs, will be input into models that will provide insight into 'high-risk' activities. Modelling populations and their interactions will link WP1 and WP5 to help understand the effectiveness and impact of existing and future control and mitigation actions.WP3 will improve our understanding of HPAIV transmission dynamics in both wild birds and poultry. By undertaking biological sampling across wild bird populations, we will develop risk-based surveillance programmes and model interactions at wild bird and poultry interfaces. This will enable a definition of high-risk incursion sites and critical wild bird populations responsible for potential sustained transmission within the environment. Outputs will feed into WP2 and enable a greater understanding of the potential reservoirs of infection as well as factors that drive incursion of disease from bird reservoirs into the poultry sector.WP4 will assess virological factors that drive differential disease outcomes. Both viral infectivity and factors that dictate infection of different species will be assessed. This will enhance our understanding of virological interactions and define the role of viral factors that contribute to viral emergence. This WP will also link to outputs from other WPs to examine the mechanisms that drive viral diversity and factors that may enable adaptation to different hosts.Finally, WP5 will assess the role of host factors, including immunity, in governing susceptibility, outcome, epidemiology, and virus evolution. This WP will investigate how molecular differences between species contribute to disease outcomes and define how antibody responses to different virus proteins impact upon the potential of virus emergence including variations across different hosts. Viral domains that are identified as being important in the emergence of escape mutants will be further investigated to define where flex exists within viral proteins targeted by the host immune response. We will also assess how the implementation of vaccination might impact on outbreaks and hence will inform future mitigation strategies.

高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIV）是全球动物健康的重大负担，并威胁到人类健康。自2020年以来，HPAIV入侵英国的入侵已大大增加，在2020年至2023年之间发现了350多个感染的场所。野生鸟类种群在多种物种中也遭受了显着的死亡，并转向了Seabirds的感染，从而使Seabirds感染过过度刺激病毒感染。英国鸟是第一次。虽然病毒侵袭仅限于H5N1亚型，但这些病毒交换遗传物质的能力意味着在英国发现了12种不同的H5N1病毒。此外，感染压力的增加意味着该病毒已溢出到清除哺乳动物物种中，自2020年以来，野生哺乳动物的HPAIV检测23种。该项目响应于英国HPAIV感染的这种极端增加，并且在整个英国的HPAIV感染中分裂。五个工作包（WPS），以提高我们对HPAIV的理解，有助于减轻入侵和完善未来预防策略的方法。工作包（WP1）将提高我们对农场生物安全实践的理解，以确定现有障碍中的弱点并确定如何实施有效的反措施。通过详细的调查和进行多部门访谈，将评估现有生物安全干预措施的依从性和有效性。输出将为实施的有效性和挑战提供洞察力，这些挑战将用于改善现场的生物安全性。WP2将提高我们对有助于这些病毒循环的因素的理解，包括了解野生鸟网络之间的复杂相互作用以及与家禽之间的复杂相互作用。该领域的病毒遗传和流行病学数据以及通过其他WPS生成的数据将被输入，以提供对“高风险”活动的洞察力。建模人群及其相互作用将链接WP1和WP5，以帮助了解现有和未来控制和缓解措施的有效性和影响。WP3将提高我们对野生鸟类和家禽HPAIV传播动态的理解。通过在野生鸟类种群中进行生物学样本，我们将开发基于风险的监视计划，并在野生鸟和家禽界面进行建模。这将使能够定义高风险入侵地点和关键的野生鸟类种群，负责在环境内进行潜在的持续传播。输出将进食WP2，并能够更了解感染的潜在储层以及使鸟类储层入侵禽类部门的疾病的因素。WP4将评估驱动差异疾病结果的病毒学因素。将评估病毒感染性和决定不同物种感染的因素。这将增强我们对病毒学相互作用的理解，并定义导致病毒出现的病毒因素的作用。该WP还将与其他WP的输出联系起来，以检查驱动病毒多样性的机制和可以适应不同宿主的因素的机制。在本文中，WP5将评估宿主因素，包括免疫，在管理易感性，结果，结果，流行病学，流行病学，流行病学，流行病学，流行病学，流行病学，和病毒进化。该WP将研究物种之间的分子差异如何促进疾病结果，并定义抗体对不同病毒蛋白的反应如何影响病毒出现的潜力，包括不同宿主的变异。将进一步研究在逃生突变体的出现中被确定为重要的病毒结构域，以定义宿主免疫反应靶向的病毒蛋白质中的何方。我们还将评估疫苗接种的实施可能会影响暴发，因此将为未来的缓解策略提供信息。