Chronic bee paralysis virus: The epidemiology, evolution and mitigation of an emerging threat to honey bees

慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒：对蜜蜂的新威胁的流行病学、进化和缓解

基本信息

批准号：
BB/R00482X/1
负责人：
Giles Budge
金额：
$ 46.34万
依托单位：
Newcastle University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FR00482X%2F1
关键词：
Chronic bee paralysis virus epidemiology

项目摘要

In the UK, a myriad of pollinating insects contribute significantly to the yield of many agricultural crops and the reproduction of wild plants. Managed Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) offer mobile pollination services to compliment wild pollinators, providing a large proportion of this ecosystem service. Both honey bees and wild pollinators have been in severe decline for the past 30 years in the face of multiple interacting pressures that include land-use intensification, agrochemical exposure and the impact of parasites - which are often shared between pollinator species. These pressures are frequently considered in isolation and rarely together.Emerging infectious diseases, either newly appearing or rapidly increasing in incidence/geographic range in a population, have a history of causing large impacts on honey bee populations. Here we propose to investigate a rapidly emerging disease in honey bees, known as chronic paralysis, which causes severe symptoms in individual honey bees and often leads to colony loss. UK bee farmers are reporting severe repeated disease outbreaks and the causative RNA virus (Chronic bee paralysis virus [CBPV]), is increasing in prevalence in several countries. The purpose of this project is to advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind the recent emergence of chronic paralysis in honey bees, and work with professional bee farmers to develop new mitigation strategies. We will consider re-emergence as the result of CBPV strain transmissibility, environmental stressors, management practices or co-infection and propose four interlinked objectives, each with clear testable hypotheses, to tackle the problem and deliver management solutions. First, we will monitor the dynamics of disease spread in individual colonies and apiaries to understand where/when the virus becomes associated with the colony. We will gather new case-control data on stressors associated with chronic paralysis to include the presence of pathogens in adult bees; pesticide exposure in adult bees; weather; local land use; and apiary management. We will use a combination of structural equation and microsimulation modelling to elucidate the pre-requisite stressors for disease to develop, with the aim of highlighting early disease detection protocols and developing apiary management strategies to mitigate disease impact. Second, we will assess whether the recent emergence of chronic paralysis is the result of shifts in the transmissibility or virulence of modern CBPV strains. We will describe temporal and spatial sequence variation at the genomic level, by sequencing representative historic and recent samples. We will recover infectious historic strains by developing a reverse genetic system for CBPV, and use these reagents to compare the risk posed by past, current and future strains - the latter by generating virus reassortants - where RNAs are exchanged between virus genotypes. Finally, we will assess the risk posed by CBPV to other non-Apis pollinators. Third, we will investigate co-stressors of chronic paralysis using controlled in vivo challenge tests to include known (lack of foraging due to poor weather and overcrowding) and newly characterised (the gut parasite N. ceranae) co-stressors. We will assess the impact of these factors on transmission and virulence for different genotypic strains.Fourth, we will work closely with the Bee Farmers' Association (BFA) - who represent professional bee farmers from across the UK - to translate research outcomes into improved professional practices when managing chronic paralysis. We have identified a series of potential knowledge exchange opportunities to explore as data arises from our experiments. This programme of work will provide a step-change in our understanding of chronic paralysis disease development, virus evolution and pollinator co-stressors, as well as generating the necessary biological data and modelling tools to develop informed management practices.

在英国，无数的授粉昆虫对许多农作物的产量和野生植物的繁殖产生了重大贡献。托管西部蜜蜂（API Mellifera）提供移动授粉服务，以补充野生传粉媒介，提供了很大一部分生态系统服务。面对多种相互作用的压力，蜜蜂和野生传粉媒介在过去30年中一直在严重下降，包括土地利用强化，农业化学暴露和寄生虫的影响，这些压力通常在传粉媒介物种之间共享。这些压力经常被孤立地考虑，很少在一起。在人群中新出现或迅速增加的发病率/地理范围内的传染病具有对蜂蜜蜜蜂种群产生很大影响的历史。在这里，我们建议研究蜜蜂中快速新兴的疾病，称为慢性瘫痪，这会导致单个蜜蜂的严重症状，并且经常导致菌落丧失。英国蜜蜂农民报告说，重复疾病爆发严重，病毒病毒（慢性蜜蜂瘫痪病毒[CBPV]）在几个国家的患病率正在增加。该项目的目的是促进我们对蜜蜂慢性瘫痪近期出现的机制的理解，并与专业的蜜蜂农民一起制定新的缓解策略。我们将考虑CBPV应变的可传播性，环境压力源，管理实践或共同感染的重新出现，并提出四个相互联系的目标，每个目标都有明确的可测试假设，以解决问题并提供管理解决方案。首先，我们将监测单个菌落和养蜂场中疾病传播的动态，以了解病毒与菌落相关的位置。我们将收集有关与慢性麻痹相关的压力源的新病例对照数据，以包括成年蜜蜂中的病原体存在；成年蜜蜂中的农药暴露；天气;当地土地使用；和养蜂业管理。我们将结合结构方程和显微仿真建模来阐明疾病的前提压力源，以突出提出早期疾病检测方案和制定养蜂场管理策略来减轻疾病的影响。其次，我们将评估慢性瘫痪的最近出现是否是现代CBPV菌株的传播性或毒力转移的结果。我们将通过测序代表性的历史和最近的样本来描述基因组水平上的时间和空间序列变化。我们将通过开发CBPV的反向遗传系统来恢复感染性的历史菌株，并使用这些试剂比较过去，当前和未来菌株所带来的风险 - 后者通过生成病毒替代品 - 在病毒基因型之间交换RNA。最后，我们将评估CBPV对其他非原住民传粉媒介的风险。第三，我们将使用受控的体内挑战测试来调查慢性瘫痪的共同压力，包括已知（由于天气差和人满为患而缺乏觅食）和新特征（肠道寄生虫N. Ceranae）的共同压力。我们将评估这些因素对不同基因型菌株的传播和毒力的影响。第五，我们将与代表来自英国各地的专业蜜蜂农民的蜜蜂农民协会（BFA）紧密合作，以将研究成果转化为改进的专业实践，在管理慢性瘫痪时。我们已经确定了一系列潜在的知识交换机会，可以探索数据，因为我们的实验产生了数据。这项工作计划将在我们对慢性瘫痪疾病发展，病毒进化和授粉媒介共同压力以及生成必要的生物学数据和建模工具的理解方面提供逐步变化，以开发知情的管理实践。