Promoting resilience of UK tree species to novel pests and pathogens: ecological and evolutionary solutions

提高英国树种对新型害虫和病原体的抵抗力：生态和进化解决方案

• 批准号: BB/L012243/1
• 负责人: Stephen Cavers
• 金额: $ 34.34万
• 依托单位: NERC CEH (Up to 30.11.2019)
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FL012243%2F1
• 关键词: Promoting; resilience; UK; tree; species

It has been made clear by examples such as Ash Dieback, that our trees face a serious threat from new diseases and pests. As trees are everywhere and are well-loved parts of our landscape, an important part of our economy and an essential part of our biodiversity, their loss has serious consequences. However, dealing with each new threat as it comes along is difficult, expensive and potentially futile as threats can evolve so much faster than their tree hosts. Also, tree health is not just about a single pest or disease, but about growing trees in the right place, about keeping population sizes up, about ensuring seedlings get a chance to grow and about allowing forests to change as the environment changes. So, in order to find a sustainable long-term strategy for keeping our trees healthy, we need to consider the range of real and potential threats that trees face and try to deal with these together. At the same time, we need to ask what is possible for changing the way we grow trees: how do we use trees now, what do we want from our trees in the future, and how much change are we willing to accept? By finding a middle ground, that brings together the best biological knowledge with a clear understanding of the possible ways to adapt, we can give our trees the best possible chance of withstanding new threats.The most important part of finding a way to do this is bringing together many different groups of people, and different types of knowledge. A lot is known about many of our trees already, but usually this knowledge comes from unlinked, independent studies and rarely do results from one study tell us something about another, even for the same tree species. Much better coordination is needed. To show how this can be done, we aim to use the example of Scots pine, an important native tree species. For Scots pine, we know of several serious threats that are either here or are likely to reach the UK soon. The remaining native Scots pine forests are small and fragmented, but we know that they are adapted to their local environments: so pine trees from one part of the country grow differently than those from another. There are large plantations of Scots pine in many parts of the UK - there is ten times as much planted as remains in the native forests - and these are often at much higher densities than are found in nature, and often alongside plantations of pines from other parts of the world. There is also a strong cultural attachment to the species; in many places pinewoods are being replanted and it is often used as a garden or amenity tree. Our project aims to measure how variable and adaptable are the threats to Scots pine, to test how much variation there is in the tree species in resistance to these threats, and to find ways to get people involved in making healthier pine forests. By doing this we also aim to show how the same thing can be done for any other tree species, and to put in place the tools for getting it done. We will focus on three important threats to Scots pine - Dothistroma needle blight, the pinetree Lappet moth and pine pitch canker. We will bring together a group of scientists - specialists in ecology, tree genetics, forest pathology, plant biochemistry, fungal ecology and evolution and social science - who will work together on the same, carefully chosen pine trees. This work will tell us how much the UK Scots pine population varies and how much it can change from generation to generation; how populations of the threats grow and change; and what can be done to make the pine forests we have more resilient. We will bring in lessons from crop agriculture, where similar problems have been faced for generations, and adapt these for trees and forests, that have much longer lifespans. Finally, by talking to people who work with and use trees, and the general public, we will find ways to use this information to make things change on the ground.

白蜡树枯萎病等例子清楚地表明，我们的树木面临着新病害的严重威胁。由于树木无处不在，是我们景观中深受人们喜爱的部分，是我们经济的重要组成部分，也是我们生物多样性的重要组成部分，它们的消失会带来严重后果。然而，应对每一个新的威胁都是困难的、昂贵的，而且可能是徒劳的，因为威胁的发展速度可能比树宿主快得多。此外，树木健康不仅仅是单一的病虫害，而是在正确的地方种植树木，保持种群规模，确保幼苗有机会生长，以及让森林随着环境的变化而变化。因此，为了找到保持树木健康的可持续长期策略，我们需要考虑树木面临的一系列实际和潜在威胁，并尝试共同应对这些威胁。同时，我们需要问什么是可能改变我们种植树木的方式：我们现在如何使用树木，未来我们希望从树木中得到什么，以及我们愿意接受多大的改变？通过找到一个中间立场，将最好的生物学知识与对可能的适应方式的清晰理解结合起来，我们可以为我们的树木提供抵御新威胁的最佳机会。找到方法最重要的部分是汇集了许多不同的人群和不同类型的知识。我们对许多树木已经有了很多了解，但这些知识通常来自互不相关的独立研究，一项研究的结果很少能告诉我们有关另一项研究的信息，即使对于同一树种也是如此。需要更好的协调。为了展示如何做到这一点，我们旨在以重要的本土树种欧洲赤松为例。对于欧洲赤松，我们知道有几种严重的威胁已经存在或可能很快到达英国。剩下的原生苏格兰松林规模较小且支离破碎，但我们知道它们适应了当地的环境：因此该国某个地区的松树的生长方式与其他地区的松树不同。英国许多地方都有大型欧洲赤松种植园——种植面积是原始森林中剩余数量的十倍——而且这些种植园的密度往往比自然界中发现的密度高得多，而且通常与其他国家的松树种植园并排。世界部分地区。该物种还具有强烈的文化依恋；在许多地方，松木被重新种植，并经常被用作花园或观赏树。我们的项目旨在衡量赤松面临的威胁的变化和适应性，测试树种在抵抗这些威胁方面的变异程度，并找到让人们参与建设更健康的松林的方法。通过这样做，我们还旨在展示如何对任何其他树种做同样的事情，并建立完成它的工具。我们将重点关注樟子松的三个重要威胁——针叶枯病、松树垂叶蛾和松树溃疡病。我们将汇集一群科学家——生态学、树木遗传学、森林病理学、植物生物化学、真菌生态学、进化论和社会科学方面的专家——他们将共同研究精心挑选的松树。这项工作将告诉我们英国赤松种群的变化有多大，以及代代相传会发生多大的变化；威胁群体如何增长和变化；以及如何才能使我们拥有的松林更具复原力。我们将从作物农业中汲取经验教训，因为作物农业几代人都面临着类似的问题，并将这些经验教训应用于寿命更长的树木和森林。最后，通过与从事树木工作和使用树木的人们以及公众交谈，我们将找到利用这些信息来改变当地情况的方法。

项目成果

Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research

• DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.29.450162
• 发表时间: 2021-06
• 期刊: The Plant Journal
• 作者: Chedly Kastally;Alina K. Niskanen;A. Perry;S. Kujala;K. Avia;Sandra Cervantes;M. Haapanen;Robert Kesälahti;T. Kumpula;Tiina M. Mattila;D. I. Ojeda;J. Tyrmi;W. Wachowiak;S. Cavers;K. Kärkkäinen;O. Savolainen;T. Pyhäjärvi

Using genome resequencing to investigate racial structure, genetic diversity, sexual reproduction and hybridisation in the pine pathogen Dothistroma septosporum

• DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100921
• 发表时间: 2020-06-01
• 期刊: FUNGAL ECOLOGY
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Ennos, Richard A.;Sjokvist, Elisabet Ingrid;Hoebe, Peter N.
• 通讯作者: Hoebe, Peter N.

Phenotypical and Molecular Characterisation of Fusarium circinatum: Correlation with Virulence and Fungicide Sensitivity

环状镰刀菌的表型和分子特征：与毒力和杀菌剂敏感性的相关性

• DOI: 10.3390/f8110458
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Forests
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Mullett M

Identifying and testing marker-trait associations for growth and phenology in three pine species: Implications for genomic prediction.

• DOI: 10.1111/eva.13345
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: Evolutionary applications
• 影响因子: 4.1
• 作者: Perry A;Wachowiak W;Beaton J;Iason G;Cottrell J;Cavers S
• 通讯作者: Cavers S

Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research.

• DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15628
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: PLANT JOURNAL
• 影响因子: 7.2
• 作者: Kastally, Chedly;Niskanen, Alina K.;Perry, Annika;Kujala, Sonja T.;Avia, Komlan;Cervantes, Sandra;Haapanen, Matti;Kesalahti, Robert;Kumpula, Timo A.;Mattila, Tiina M.;Ojeda, Dario, I;Tyrmi, Jaakko S.;Wachowiak, Witold;Cavers, Stephen;Karkkainen, Katri;Savolainen, Outi;Pyhajarvi, Tanja
• 通讯作者: Pyhajarvi, Tanja