SINGLE CODE/DEFAULT STRATEGY USE BY ANIMALS

动物使用单一代码/默认策略

• 批准号: 2737745
• 负责人: Thomas R Zentall
• 金额: $ 9.74万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1998-12-01 至 2001-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2737745
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; concept; cues; discrimination learning; memory; neural information processing; paralinguistic behavior; pigeons; short term memory; stimulus /response; stimulus generalization

Research in animal cognition has provided evidence that species as diverse as monkeys and pigeons are capable of the formation of stimulus classes that are necessary for the acquisition of concepts including those required for the development of human language (Zentall & Smeets, 1996). Although there is now good evidence for the evidence of the existence of such coding processes little is known about the nature of the resulting codes. A significant limitation of animal models of cognitive learning has been the difficulty in specifying how animals represent events in memory. The long-term objects of this project are to determine the mechanisms responsible for these coding processes and to identify the nature of the codes themselves. At a practical level, these procedures can be (and already have been) used in the treatment of learning disabled and developmentally delayed children (Sidman, 1994). Recent evidence suggests that when pigeons acquire a delayed conditional discrimination involving the presence versus the absence of a conditional stimulus, they do so by developing a single-code/default strategy (one of the two conditional stimuli is coded, the other is not, but is assumed to have occurred in the absence of a code for the first). Evidence for the development of such a strategy comes in the form of non-parallel (divergent) retention function obtained when delay is inserted between the initial (conditional) stimuli and the test stimuli. The high, flat retention function on absent-sample trials and step retention function (falling below chance) on present-sample suggests that only the present sample is represented in memory and a response indicating that a absent sample has been present is made by default. An understanding of the development of the single-code/default strategy is important because it suggests that pigeons have the capacity to acquire an inherently symmetrical (i.e., two-alternative) task using an asymmetric, but perhaps more efficient, coding strategy. The purpose of the present research is (1) to critically evaluate existing evidence for the development/the single-code/default strategy in pigeons and to assess alternative hypotheses concerning the determinants of the divergent retention functions, (2) to determine the conditions under which true single- code/default strategies will develop, and (3) to determine the basis for retention functions obtained following duration-sample matching (research on memory for duration), which are strikingly similar to those following training with present-absent samples nature of that single underlying code.

动物认知研究提供的证据表明，物种多样性 因为猴子和鸽子能够形成刺激类别 获取概念所必需的，包括 人类语言发展所需的（Zentall & Smeets, 1996）。 尽管现在有充分的证据证明存在 对于这种编码过程所产生的结果的性质知之甚少 代码。认知学习动物模型的一个显着局限性是 指定动物如何表示记忆中的事件是一个困难。 该项目的长期目标是确定机制 负责这些编码过程并确定编码的性质 自己编码。在实践层面上，这些程序可以（并且 已经）用于治疗学习障碍和 发育迟缓的儿童（Sidman，1994）。 最近的证据表明，当鸽子获得延迟条件 涉及有条件和无条件的歧视 刺激，他们通过开发单一代码/默认策略（其中之一）来做到这一点 两个条件刺激已编码，另一个未编码，但假设为 发生在没有代码的情况下）。证据 这种战略的制定以非平行的形式出现 当在之间插入延迟时获得的（发散）保留函数 初始（条件）刺激和测试刺激。又高又平 无样本试验的保留函数和步骤保留函数 （低于机会）当前样本表明只有当前 样本在内存中表示，并且响应表明不存在 默认情况下已存在样品。的理解 制定单一代码/默认策略很重要，因为它 表明鸽子有能力获得与生俱来的能力 使用不对称的对称（即两种选择）任务，但也许 更高效的编码策略。本研究的目的是 (1) 批判性地评估现有的发展证据/ 鸽子的单一代码/默认策略并评估替代方案 关于不同保留的决定因素的假设 功能，（2）确定真正的单的条件 将制定代码/默认策略，以及 (3) 确定基础 持续时间样本匹配后获得的保留函数（研究 持续时间的记忆），与以下内容惊人相似 使用存在/不存在的样本进行训练 单个底层的性质 代码。