COMPREHENSION OF WORDS AND PICTURES

文字和图片的理解

• 批准号: 2859375
• 负责人: MARY C POTTER
• 金额: $ 11.58万
• 依托单位: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1992
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1992-08-01 至 2002-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2859375
• 关键词: adolescence (12-20); behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; cognition; comprehension; concept; human subject; neural information processing; psycholinguistics; reading; semantics; short term memory; visual perception; visual stimulus; young adult human (21-34)

When people view or listen to continuous sequences of words or scenes, as we do when we look around, read, listen, or watch TV, a series of conceptual representations is activated. These are the raw material for identification and comprehension of words, pictures, and sentences, and indeed for intelligent thought more generally. A cluster of phenomena indicate that the meaning of what we see is understood very quickly, in less than 100 ms after we first look at a word or a scene. Moreover, the meaning of a sentence can be comprehended and remembered when each word appears for only 100 ms, in a rapid sequence. However, words that do not hang together are almost immediately forgotten when presented that rapidly, suggesting that understanding may be swift, but it is also fleeting. These phenomena led to the hypothesis that a new form of short-term memory, "conceptual short-term memory" or CSTM (Potter, 1993, in press), is used in the earliest stages of processing that lead to understanding. The proposed research addresses questions about CSTM: What the characteristics of this memory store? What cognitive processes can be carried out using CSTM? What is represented in CSTM-- lexical entities, phonological forms, meanings and propositions, or all of these? Is CSTM distinct from sensory memories and from conventional short-term memory and working memory? If so, how does it relate to these other forms of memory, and to long-term memory? The CSTM hypothesis raises new issues and offers new interpretations of existing work. The goal of the proposed research is to test specific claims of CSTM and to answer new questions about early processing. Because conceptual activation and structuring in CSTM occur much faster than has been supposed in many theories of working and short-term memory, special methods are required to study these processes. The proposed experiments use rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) or words in lists and sentences because this method requires viewers to structure the information as it appears. Otherwise they will lose most of it, because unconnected words evidently cannot be encoded into STM/WM at such a high rate. The research is expected to contribute to our understanding of cognitive skills such as reading and visual search.

当人们观看或聆听连续的单词或场景序列时，就像我们环顾四周、阅读、聆听或看电视时所做的那样，一系列概念表征被激活。 这些是识别和理解单词、图片和句子的原材料，实际上也是更普遍的智能思维的原材料。 一系列现象表明，在我们第一次看到一个单词或一个场景后，不到 100 毫秒，我们就能很快理解所看到内容的含义。 此外，当每个单词快速出现仅 100 毫秒时，就可以理解和记住句子的含义。 然而，那些不连贯的单词在如此快速地出现时几乎立即被遗忘，这表明理解可能很快，但也是转瞬即逝的。 这些现象导致了一种假设，即一种新形式的短期记忆，“概念性短期记忆”或 CSTM（Potter，1993，出版中），用于导致理解的最早的处理阶段。拟议的研究解决了有关 CSTM 的问题：该内存存储有什么特征？ 使用 CSTM 可以执行哪些认知过程？ CSTM 代表什么——词汇实体、音系形式、含义和命题，还是所有这些？ CSTM 与感觉记忆以及传统的短期记忆和工作记忆不同吗？ 如果是这样，它与其他形式的记忆以及长期记忆有何关系？ CSTM 假设提出了新问题并为现有工作提供了新的解释。 拟议研究的目标是测试 CSTM 的具体主张并回答有关早期处理的新问题。 由于 CSTM 中的概念激活和结构发生的速度比许多工作和短期记忆理论中假设的要快得多，因此需要特殊的方法来研究这些过程。 所提出的实验使用快速串行视觉呈现（RSVP）或列表和句子中的单词，因为这种方法要求观看者在出现时构建信息。 否则他们将失去大部分，因为未连接的单词显然无法以如此高的速率编码到 STM/WM 中。 这项研究预计将有助于我们理解阅读和视觉搜索等认知技能。