PRIVILEGED INFORMATION IN LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION

语言交流中的特权信息

• 批准号: 2249065
• 负责人: BOAZ KEYSAR
• 金额: $ 6.58万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1994-08-01 至 1999-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2249065
• 关键词: attitude; bias; cognition; communication behavior; cues; human subject; informatics; perception; psycholinguistics

Linguistic communication requires the constant assessment of others' understanding: Speakers evaluate their listeners' understanding in order to facilitate communication, and third parties (i.e., overhearers, readers) attempt to take the perspective of listeners (and protagonists) in order to make sense of a conversation. This research focuses on the constraints that the cognitive system imposes on such perspective taking by contrasting two alternative models. The studies investigate the notion that speakers and third parties cannot discount their own privileged information when they assess the understanding of addressees even when they are fully aware that the particular information is unknown to the addressees. Because privileged information makes utterances seem less ambiguous than they really are, speakers tend to think that their intent is clearly conveyed. Consequently, they may not provide sufficient cues to disambiguate their utterances., This project proposes that this "illusory transparency" may sometimes be a systematic reason for, misunderstanding. These studies utilize a variety of experimental methods and paradigms: subjective scale ratings, categorical decisions, reaction time, cognitive load, syntactic priming, sentence production and the referential- communication task. In addition to theoretical contributions, this research promises to be of practical importance. For example, we may be able to better understand miscommunication in health-care settings: health-care providers attempting to inform, advice or instruct clients; communication between patients and therapists in counselling sessions and so on. One reason for miscommunication may be the discrepancy between the knowledge that clients and health-care providers possess. These studies suggest an additional, simpler reason for such miscommunication: Like other speakers, health care providers and recipients may overestimate the effectiveness of their communicative act by systematically taking their intentions as more transparent than warranted. By contributing to the understanding of the roots of misunderstanding, this research promises to facilitate the development of methods to improve communication.

语言交流需要对他人的不断评估 理解：说话者按顺序评估听众的理解 促进沟通和第三方（即偷看者， 读者）试图采取听众（和主角）的观点 为了理解对话。这项研究重点是 认知系统强加于这种观点的约束 通过对比两个替代模型。研究调查了概念 发言人和第三方不能打折自己的特权 当他们评估对收件人的理解时的信息 他们完全意识到特定信息是未知的 收件人。因为特权信息使话语看起来更少 比实际的模棱两可，演讲者倾向于认为他们的意图 清楚地传达了。因此，他们可能没有提供足够的线索 消除他们的话语。这个项目提出了这个“虚幻的” 透明度”有时可能是误会的系统原因。 这些研究利用了各种实验方法和范式： 主观量表评级，分类决策，反应时间，认知 负载，句法启动，句子产生和参考 - 沟通任务。 除了理论贡献外，这项研究也有望 实际的重要性。例如，我们也许能够更好地理解 医疗保健环境中的沟通不畅：卫生保健提供者 告知，建议或指导客户；患者之间的沟通 治疗师在咨询课程等。一个原因 沟通不畅可能是客户的知识之间的差异 和医疗保健提供者拥有。这些研究表明了一个额外的 这种沟通不畅的简单原因：与其他演讲者一样，医疗保健 提供者和接收者可能会高估其有效性 通过系统地将他们的意图作为更多的交流行为 透明比保证。通过有助于理解 这项研究有望促进误解的根源 开发改善沟通的方法。